The Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich - 1455 Words

The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich was a summary of Adolf’s journey from his boyhood to his final decision to end his life. Shirer successfully made his case as he laid down many points that proved the foolishness of the German citizen in becoming aroused by Hitler’s power and not reacting to stop him from getting any more powerful. The point of view must be addressed. Based on the author’s choice of words and writing, it was clear that he had found Hitler distasteful as he uses the words restless, bitter, demonic, and ruthless to describe the Fuhrer throughout the book. Therefore the writings in the book could have been influenced by the fact that he lived and worked in the Third Reich and witnessed Adolf Hitler’s rise of power first hand. The audience of the book, based on the difficulty of reading and the content, should be for young adults and older, historians, and for anyone interested in this topic. The book could be used for further research into this subject or simply for the pleasure of new information that have never been seen before in other famous Holocaust stories such as The Diary of Anne Frank. This book will definitely stimulate further conversation among historians and history lovers and historiography on this subject as the author’s thesis is quite controversial. Overall, I have liked the thoroughness of this book and all the interesting insights in which I have never come upon with other books talking about the Third Reich, I don’t recommend taking thisShow MoreRelatedThe Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich908 Words   |  4 PagesThe Rise and fall of the Third Reich was written by William L. Shirer. William L. Shirer was a well-known author. He was born in Chicago in 1904. While growing up in Chicago he became a foreign correspondent for the Chicago Tribune. William L Shirer was very intrigued by the drama in Germany. He decided to help inform the Americans about Nazi Germany before World War II. Wi lliam used all of his findings about Germany and created this book. William L. Shirer wrote several other books. William L. ShirerRead MoreThe Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich1193 Words   |  5 PagesThe Weimar Constitution was a genuine attempt to create a perfect democratic country. In his book The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (1960), American historian William L. Shirer described the Weimar Constitution as on paper, the most liberal and democratic document of its kind the twentieth century had ever seen ... full of ingenious and admirable devices which seemed to guarantee the working of an almost flawless democracy.† The constitution guaranteed equal rights to the German people, yet alsoRead MoreThe Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich916 Words   |  4 Pagesgetting formal education. His father Alois Hitler was a civil servant, but Hitler never wanted to be like his father. He has the urge to become a painter or an artist. His father’s life never interested him. According to the book â€Å"The Rise and Fall of The Third Reich,† Hitler explains his negligence towards getting a formal profession. â€Å"I did not want to become a civil servant, no, and again no. All attempts on my father’s part to inspire me with love or pleasure in this profession by stories fromRead More The Rise and Subsequent Fall of the Third Reich Essay4611 Words   |  19 PagesThe Rise and Subsequent Fall of the Third Reich Living in the crumbled remains of Germany, or the Weimar Republic, in the 1920’s was a dismal existence. Hyperinflation was rampant and the national debt skyrocketed as a result of the punishing features of the Treaty of Versailles. During the depression, however, a mysterious Austrian emerged from the depths of the German penal system and gave the desperate German people a glimpse of hope in very dark times. He called for a return to â€Å"Fatherland†Read MoreEssay about The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich1104 Words   |  5 Pagesplaced in a shell hole with gasoline and burned. The army of the Third Reich was a failure. Certainly it won many victories: it conquered Poland in 27 days, Denmark in one, Norway in twenty-three, Holland in five, Belgium in eighteen, France in thirty-nine, Yugoslavia in twelve and Greece in twenty-one (Cooper VII). From both the Holocaust and the war, the world has never been the same since World War II. Hitlers Reich was over and millions of Jews were dead from this attempt to have a superiorRead MoreWar On The Second World War923 Words   |  4 Pageswrote books on the Second World War. Some writers emphasized on the cause, some emphasized on the effects. â€Å"The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich† is a book on the Second World War written by William L Shirer. Shirer is an American Journalist and a war columnist. This book is written based on Shirer’s own experience while he was living in Germany during the early years of the Third Reich. William Lawrence Shirer was born in Chicago in February 23, 1904. His father was a lawyer and served as an assistantRead MoreNazi Germany During World War I924 Words   |  4 PagesAfter World War I, Adolf Hitler formed the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda after his rise to power in Germany. Hitler selected Dr. Joseph Goebbels as the head of the Reich Ministry to promote propaganda. â€Å"The Fà ¼hrer or Mr. Hitler explained in h is book Mein Kampf why propaganda should be used to control the populace and how it had been a useful weapon for the allies during World War I. Hitler continued by criticizing the German leadership for failing to use propaganda in anyRead MoreDangerous Games : Political Indoctrination Of Nazi Ideology1488 Words   |  6 Pages Hist 421 December 10, 2015 Dangerous Games: Political Indoctrination of Nazi Ideology The rise of the Nazi Party, saw a rise of attention to the German Youth, who were rapidly becoming a core political component of the party. Nazis viewed children as the perfect breeding ground for their ideology, as early indoctrination of party ideals and norms would ensure the security of the Third Reich into the future. With this in mind, the Hitler Youth program was one of the more successful programsRead MoreThe World War And The Fall Of The Soviet World1495 Words   |  6 PagesFollowing the Second World War and the fall of the already demonized Third Reich, the Western world sought to understand what had possessed 60 million Germans to stand any which way but against the Nazi regime. With no real historical example to be compared to, many historians resorted to the Sonderweg theory to explain the rise of the National Socialist party in Germany, but others turned their attention away from the causes and chose instead to address what life was like under Hitler.1 Mosse beginsRe ad MoreHow did Nazi Propoganda Help Hitler Condolidate Power1397 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent mediums. One of these ‘mediums’ was the radio. Hitler and Goebbels discussed the potential of the radio and how helpful it could be to Nazi Propaganda. In April 1934, the Nazis took over all regional radio stations and formed a united Reich Radio Company. The Nazis encouraged the production of radios by subsiding them heavily; millions of cheap radios were produced (Shirer 247). Education was another way Goebbels could influence the next generation. School textbooks were Nazi-orientated

The Regression Condition Of Advertisement Essay - 1320 Words

The regression condition inferred is – QD = 20,000 - 10P + 1500A + 5PX + 10 I The advertisement versatility ascertained is 0.73 which implies that advertisement assumes a vital part in deciding the request. Since advertisement has no part to play in a consummately focused market, we can preclude the likelihood of the market being flawlessly aggressive in light of the fact that R2 is impressively high and clarifies the demand. The market is likewise not an imposing business model. This is on account of even syndication doesn t require ad consumption. The request work additionally relies on upon the cost of another item X which is in rivalry with the item talked about. This totally decides out the likelihood that the market is a restraining infrastructure. Along these lines the market is either an oligopoly advertise or a monopolistically focused market. We realize that advertisement assumes a vital part in a monopolistically focused market. In an oligopoly showcase, advertisement is not so imperative. Other than this, another notable element of a monopolistically focused market is item separation. In our case, there are a few firms creating low calorie microwavable nourishments. Be that as it may, each of the organizations rehearses item separation. They somewhat separate their item from their rivals to highlight their own particular item and along these lines increment the piece of the pie. Hence this firm is a case of a monopolistically aggressive market. In theShow MoreRelatedIntroduction. 1.Compute The Elasticity For Each Independent1251 Words   |  6 Pagesobtain the below regression equation; QD= - 5200 – 42(500) + 20(600) + 5.2(5500) + 0.20(10000) + 0.25(5000) = 17,650 Basic our argument on elasticity we acknowledge that: Price Elasticity (Ep) = (P/Q) (∆Q/∆P) From the derivative of the (Ep) regression we obtain, ∆Q/∆P = -42. Therefore, Price Elasticity (Ep) = (P/Q) (-42) (500/17650) = -1.19, similarly Microwave Elasticity (EM) = (P/Q) (0.25) (5000/17650) = 0.07 Income-elasticity (EI) = (P/Q) (5.2) (5500/17650) = 1.62 Advertisement-elasticity (EA)Read MoreDemand and Supply Estimation Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pagesthe maker of a leading brand of low-calorie, frozen microwavable food that estimates the following demand equation for their product using data from 26 supermarkets around the country for the month of April. Option 1: Note: The following is a regression equation. Standard errors are in parenthesis for the demand of widgets. QD= - 5200 - 42P + 20Px + 5.2I + 0.20A + 0.25M (2.002) (17.5) (6.2) (2.5) (0.09) (0.21) R2= 0.55, N = 26 F= 4.88 Your supervisor has asked you to computeRead MoreWhat Correlation Between All Variables Were Computed By Applying The Pearson Product Moment Method Essay1070 Words   |  5 PagesVariables measured in this study, namely, Attitude, Subjective Norms and Self-Efficacy demonstrated strong and positive correlation with Intention to enlist. With respect to Attitude towards military, the four dimensions such as Evaluation of working Condition and benefits, Self and physical development, Perceived risk, and Teamwork and patriotism was found to be positively related with intention to enlist in military. Subjective norm for military enlistment was positively correlated with intention toRead MoreRole Of Advertising On Consumer Emotion Management1341 Words   |  6 Pagescontent of this paper, emotion has become an essential element to affect consumer’s decisions. Company who wants to make advertisements should consider consumer emotion and apply culture to increase sales. Based on exis ting literature, consumers can take actions to manage themselves and cope with emotions and their feelings contribute to attitudes and judgements about advertisements (Lichtle, 2007; Dickson and Holmes, 2008). In particular, consumer should regulate emotion when purchasing hedonic productsRead MoreDemand Estimation Essay925 Words   |  4 Pageselasticity for each independent variable. Note: Write down all of your calculations. According to our Textbooks and given information, When P = 8000, A = 64, PX = 9000, I = 5000, we can use regression equation, QD = 20000 - 10*8000 + 1500*64 + 5*9000 + 10*5000 = 131,000 Price elasticity = (P/Q)*(dQ/dP) From regression equation, dQ/dP = -10. So, price elasticity EP= (P/Q) * (-10) = (-10) * (8000 / 131000) = -0.61 Similarly, EA = 1500 * 64 / 131000 = 0.73 EPX = 5 * 9000 / 131000 = 0.34 EI = 10*Read MoreComputing The Elasticities For The Independent Variables Essay1407 Words   |  6 Pagesfor the independent variables Option 1 Solution QD = -5200 - 42P + 20PX + 5.2I + 0.20A + 0.25M Given that PX=600, P= 500, A=10,000, I=5,500 and M=5000, when we apply regression method we get: QD= -5200 – 42(500) + 20(600) + 5.20(5500) + 0.25(5000) + 0.20(10000) = 17,650 Price Elasticity = (P/Q) (∆Q/∆P) The Outcomes from the regression equation gives: ∆Q/∆P = -42. Hence, Price Elasticity (EP) = (P/Q) (-42) (500/17650) = -1.19 EC = 20(600/17560) = 0.68 EM = (P/Q) (0.25) (5000/17650) = 0.0700 EI = (P/Q)Read MoreReport on Lipton Ice Tea2980 Words   |  12 Pages................................................................... 4 Justification for the Chosen Variables................................... 4 Regression Analysis................................................................... 9 Explanation of results.............................................................. 9 Comments on Regression Analysis........................................ 11 Elasticity......................................................................................Read MorePredictive Analytics And The Health Care Industry1002 Words   |  5 Pagesdata from healthcare devices like monitors and sensors, hospital records, application data measuring health metrics and everything including social media posts, webpages, emergency correspondence, research data from genomics to innovative drugs, advertisement data, newsfeeds and articles in medical journals. As much as there is scope for finding out patterns among these data, it is not easy to implement predictive analytics in healthcare industry because of the limitations like hand-written prescriptionsRead MoreCase Study - Selling Hope1730 Words   |  7 Pagesreduce the face amount after calculated the present value of the wining price, there would be lesser after deducted taxes. In addition, the winning prices may be divided among several winners. All kinds of this information are not mentioned in the advertisement. Therefore, the company of lotteries may be creating the false beliefs that interfere with the ability of the consumers to make rational choices. For instance, the advertising create the fantasy about winning the great prices in the future thatRead MoreA Model Of Low Calorie And Frozen Microwavable Food That Estimates The Following Demand Equation Essay987 Words   |  4 Pageswork for the maker of a leading brand of low-calorie, frozen microwavable food that estimates the following demand equation for its product using data from 26 supermarkets around the country for the month of April. Option 1†¨Note: The following is a regression equation. QD = - 5200 - 42P + 20PX + 5.2I + 0.20A + 0.25M†¨ Your supervisor has asked you to compute the elasticities for each independent variable. Assume the following values for the independent variables: Q = Quantity demanded of 3-pack units

Companies In Singapore Other Adjoining Areas †Free samples

Question: Discuss About The Companies In Singapore Other Adjoining Areas? Answer: Introducation Ready Sports Equipments would look to bring in improvement and motivation in every human being. Within the next 3 years the company focuses on growing into a $50 million company in Singapore and other adjoining areas. This sports equipments manufacturer would offer all sorts of sporting apparatus to both athletes and non-athletes. Ready Sports Equipments: Helping people to dream like an athlete. The primary goals would be: Brand appreciation. Ready Sports Equipments would be an identified sporting goods and fitness equipment manufacturer in Singapore. It looks to serve the younger athletes, para-athletes and runners. To be operating at a profitable rate by the end of the first annual year of business Attaining a 15 per cent expansion rate in sales from the first year to second year, and maintaining no less than 10.5 per cent growth velocity subsequently. Strategic Plans: Increasing efficiency in community events. It would try and focus on programs supporting families, youth development and women education. Manufacturing sports equipments that would help the disability people a great deal. To increase the share in the market to be the leader in the market. Its initial brand Reefil looks to become the training and fitness brad for casual and active sports. Expanding Ready Sports Style in the business of first fashion with Boost brand. Action Plan: Upgrading the website to being more user-friendly than professional, offering incentives and promotions in attracting customers to the site on regular basis. Negotiating best possible agreements with the key suppliers facilitating us in improving the hold down costs, margins, and inventory turnover. Expansion of the product line within 2018 March by providing equipments for additional sports that is in demand during the slower seasons. Training the employees on the features of the products and the ways of providing customer support and family-oriented sales. Sponsoring Singapore Marathon in 2018 January and bringing in the Paralympics of Singapore in the mainstream. Porters 5 Forces: Rivalry among existing competitors (High): Requirement of larger amount of capital for building chain of stores Most of the favorable locations are already being occupied. Brand differentiation -High fixed costs Countless number of athletic equipments companies are present Moderate growth of market Increased options of buying, value-added service and digital distribution intensifies the competition (. Dobbs, 2014). -Recession and dip in spending of consumers witnessed the growth rate of industry dipping negative. Threat of innovative products exist, however it is difficult in successfully creating substitute products. Manufacturers are realizing systems and solutions for facilitating them in selling directly to retailers Intense competition among the suppliers helps in product differentiation and avoiding the shortcomings of purchasing same materials at much lower volume Presence of numerous buyers along with being fragmented Customers are moving online having more options Wider range of choices Brand recognition is important in this fiel PESTLE Analysis: Political Factors: Regulations that are surrounding the sports equipments industry Laws related to employment Regulations of local authority Economic Factors: Materials price Likely changes affecting the economic environment Tax rules Social Factors: Population becoming interested in sports Increasing number of people who wants to stay fit and indulge themselves on sports Technological Factors: Increasing in the factor of online shopping Need for proper website containing valuable information Legal Factors: Need for obligatory permits and inspections Laboratory testing required for the sports products being arranged by producer (Eva et al., 2014) Environmental Factors: Elements like changes in climate, weather and natural disaster are being considered Company should ensure the product is safe for use in regular life. Good quality sports equipments with reasonable price would hold us in good state The store location should be such which would be positioned in an area easily available from all the corners of Singapore (Cosenz Noto, 2017).In the initial stage the sports equipments store would be introducing a few of the items from its probable product line. The limited sports goods item can serve as a weakness. Lack of proper experience: This sports equipment company is in its start-up phase where the odds are generally against it. Stiff competition from other local players expected (Brooks, Heffner Henderson, 2014). Reference: Brooks, G., Heffner, A., Henderson, D. (2014). A SWOT analysis of competitive knowledge from social media for a small start-up business. The Review of Business Information Systems (Online), 18(1), 23. Cosenz, F., Noto, G. (2017). A dynamic business modelling approach to design and experiment new business venture strategies. Long Range Planning. Dobbs, M. (2014). Guidelines for applying Porter's five forces framework: a set of industry analysis templates. Competitiveness Review, 24(1), 32-45. Eva, M., Hindle, K., Paul, D., Rollaston, C., Tudor, D. (2014). Business analysis. BCS. Ho, J. K. K. (2014). Formulation of a systemic PEST analysis for strategic analysis. European academic research, 2(5), 6478-6492.

Ing Vysya Bank free essay sample

Banking system of a nation is the shadow of nation’s economy. A healthy and profitable banking system is just like the backbone of nation’s economy. It is necessary for a nation to achieve growth and remain stable in this global world and global economy. The Indian banking system, with one of the largest banking networks in the world, has witnessed a series of reforms over the past few years like the deregulation of interest rates, dilution of the government stake in public sector banks (PSBs) and the increased participation of private sector banks. History of Banking System Banking in the modern sense of the word can be traced to medieval and early Renaissance Italy, to the rich cities in the north like Florence, Venice and Genoa. Origin of the word The word bank was borrowed in Middle English from Middle French banque, from Old Italian banca, from Old High German banc, bank bench, counter. We will write a custom essay sample on Ing Vysya Bank or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Benches were used as desks or exchange counters during the Renaissance by Florentine bankers, who used to make their transactions atop desks covered by green tablecloths. One of the oldest items found showing money-changing activity is a silver Greek drachm coins. Its performance is getting better year by year. It has been crossing a new lap at every year. ING Vysya Bank has a wide variety of products and services which it offers to its customers. The main customer segment belongs to middle age group. It belongs to mainly business class and service class. Majority of the customers are satisfied with the services provided by the bank. Its major competitors include Kotak Mahindra Bank, Yes Bank, IDBI Bank, Karur Vysya Bank and Dhanlakshmi Bank. In short, it can be said that the future of the bank is very bright and the bank is growing at a fast rate.

Symbolism in The Scarlet Letter essays

Symbolism in The Scarlet Letter essays The Scarlet Letter is a book of much symbolism. One of the most complex and misunderstood symbols in the book is Pearl, the daughter of Hester Prynne. Pearl, throughout the story, develops into a dynamic symbol - one that is always changing. Pearl came to represent this symbolism in many ways. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester received the scarlet letter, "A". She had to wear this letter upon her chest. This was the Puritan way of treating her as an adulteress. The Puritan treatment continued, because as Hester walked through the streets, she was looked down upon as if she were some sort of horrible being that had committed a terrible crime. This would give her much mental anguish and grief. On the other hand, Gods treatment of Hester for her sin was quite different than just a physical token: he gave Hester the punishment of a very unique child which she named Pearl. This punishment handed down from God was a constant mental and physical reminder to Hester of what she had done wrong, and she could not escape it. In this aspect, Pearl symbolized Gods way of punishing Hester for adultery. The fact that Hesters life was ruined for so long was the ultimate price that Hester paid for Pearl. With Pearl, Hesters life was one almost never filled with joy, but instead a constant nagging. Pearl would harass her mother over the scarlet "A" which she wore. Pearl would also make her own "A" to wear, and sometimes played games with her mothers, trying to hit it with rocks. When Hester would go into the town with Pearl, the other children would make fun of her, and Pearl would yell and throw dirt at them. So, in this case, Pearl symbolized the decimation of Hesters life and mental state. Although Hester had so much trouble with Pearl, she still felt that Pearl was her treasure. Pearl was virtually the only thing that Hester had i ...

John Winthrop - Colonial America Scientist

John Winthrop - Colonial America Scientist John Winthrop (1714-1779) was a scientist who was born in Massachusetts and was appointed as the head of Mathematics at Harvard University. He was recognized as the preeminent American astronomer of his time.   Early Years Winthrop was the descendant of John Winthrop (1588-1649) who was the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He was the son of Judge  Adam Winthrop and  Anne Wainwright Winthrop.  He had been baptized by Cotton Mather. While Mather is remembered for his support of the ​Salem Witch Trials, he was also a keen scientist who researched in hybrids and inoculation.  He was extremely smart, finishing grammar school at 13 and going to Harvard through which he graduated in 1732. He was head of his class there. He continued studying at home before eventually being named Harvards Hollis  Professor of Mathematics and Natural  Philosophy.   Preeminent American Astronomer Winthrop gained attention in Great Britain where many of his research findings were published. The Royal Society published his works. His astronomical research included the following:   He was the first to observe sunspots in Massachusetts in 1739.  He followed the movement of Mercury.  He determined the accurate longitude for Cambridge where Harvard was located.  He published works on meteors, Venus, and solar parallax.  He accurately predicted the return of ​​Halleys Comet in 1759.  He was the first colonist sent out by a colony to complete a scientific expedition to observe the transit of Venus from Newfoundland.   Winthrop, however, did not limit his studies to the field of astronomy. In fact, he was a kind of a scientific/mathematical jack of all trades. He was a highly accomplished mathematician and was the first to introduce the study of Calculus at Harvard. He created Americas first experimental physics laboratory.  He increased the field of seismology with his study of an earthquake that occurred in New England during 1755. In addition, he studied meteorology, eclipses, and magnetism.   He published a number of papers and books about his studies including  Lecture on Earthquakes  (1755),  Answer to Mr. Princes Letter on Earthquakes  (1756),  Account of Some Fiery Meteors  (1755), and  Two Lectures on the Parallax  (1769).  Due to his scientific activities, he was made a fellow of the Royal Society in 1766 and joined the American Philosophical Society in 1769. In addition, the University of Edinburgh and the University of Harvard both awarded him honorary doctorates. While he did serve as the acting president twice at Harvard University, he never accepted the position on a permanent basis.   Activities in Politics and the American Revolution Winthrop was interested in local politics and public policy. He served as a probate judge in Middlesex County, Massachusetts. In addition, from 1773-1774 he was part of the Governors Council. Thomas Hutchinson was the governor at this point. This was the time of the Tea Act and the Boston Tea Party that occurred on December 16, 1773.   Interestingly, when Governor Thomas Gage would not agree to set aside a day of Thanksgiving as had been the practice, Winthrop was one of a committee of three who drew up a Thanksgiving Proclamation for the colonists who had formed a Provincial Congress led by​​ John Hancock. The other two members were Reverend Joseph Wheeler and Reverend Solomon Lombard.  Hancock signed the proclamation which was then published in the  Boston Gazette on October 24, 1774. It set aside the day of Thanksgiving for December 15th.   Winthrop was involved in the American Revolution including serving as an  adviser to the founding fathers including George Washington.   Personal Life and Death Winthrop married Rebecca Townsend in 1746. She died in 1753. Together they had three sons.  One of these children was James Winthrop who would also graduate from Harvard. He was old enough to serve in the Revolutionary War for the colonists and was wounded at the Battle of Bunker Hill. He later served as the librarian at Harvard.   In 1756, he again married, this time to Hannah  Fayerweather Tolman. Hannah was good friends with Mercy Otis Warren and Abigail Adams and carried on correspondence with them for many years. She along with these two women were given the responsibility of questioning women who were thought to be siding with the British against the colonists.   John Winthrop  died on May 3, 1779, in Cambridge, survived by his wife.   Source:  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹harvardsquarelibrary.org/cambridge-harvard/first-independent-thanksgiving-1774/

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 101

Journal - Essay Example Economically, business organizations are embracing social media for their growth and survival. From marketing their products or services to interacting with their potential employees virtually, producers and employers respectively are saving on time and costs favoring profit making. Skilled labor for the companies behind the social tools creates employment for many where they are based. In addition, social media is enlightening people from different cultural backgrounds on the various beliefs thus contributing to world peace because of mutual understanding amongst individuals. Interracial relationships are proof of the understanding. On the other hand, there is a spur of criminal acts because a persons’ location is both voluntary and involuntary exposed to the public. This makes it easier for a criminal to track down their victim without going through trouble especially if both are within the same locus. Person to person social interaction is disintegrating because virtual interaction seems easier. Consequentially, this has diminished hospitality and courtesy while promoting cyber bullying. The latter and over exposure to the devices in use to access social media has brought about psychological and physical health issues, which are affecting thousands the users by the day. This in turn counteracts the output of the individuals to an economy leading to decreased productivity of the economy in the long

BLOBs in database Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

BLOBs in database - Essay Example The storage and retrieval of these items can be accomplished through a database system using a column type capable of storing binary data (commonly referred to as a "binary large object" or a BLOB). There are many existing database systems capable of storing BLOBs. Such systems' functionality, performance and cost vary greatly among vendors (with some costing as much as $25,000 for a single CPU license). The prohibitive cost often keeps some organizations from conducting full assessments of database systems for possible use in their operations, potentially causing a loss or revenue. Entities with limited resources need an affordable means of assessing or benchmarking their own database utilization. This thesis, first and foremost, provides a database benchmark for storing BLOBs in a database. Secondly, a database benchmark framework is provided with the example implementation being the BLOB database benchmark. By so doing: My research indicates that no research has been done comparing the performance of database systems' ability to store BLOBs. ... The software development community will now have a benchmark for storing BLOBs in a database. This benchmark will fill a void as most database benchmarks focus on OLTP (online transaction processing) that consist of very small records and none focus on the general storage of BLOBs. EXISTING DATABASE BENCHMARKS My research indicates that no research has been done comparing the performance of database systems' ability to store BLOBs. Similar research regarding database performance (for datasets not including binary data) does exist and come from the following sources: the Transaction Processing Counsel (TPC), Storage Performance Council (SPC), Open Source Database Benchmark (OSDB), Engineering Database Benchmark (EDB) and Wisconsin Database (Bitton). In addition to not considering BLOBs, the TPC and SPC benchmarks are implemented by vendors who perform many specialized database and operating system configurations. Thus, they are not pertinent to this discussion. These nonstandard configurations take advantage of the vendors' specialized knowledge of the hardware, database, operating system and benchmark. This thesis provides the first benchmark to assess the storage of BLOBs in relational database systems. The performance results are categorized into three general BLOB sizes: small, medium a nd large. Below is a brief description of the five similar database performance resources. Transaction Processing Council (TPC) Each TPC benchmark consists of a set of functional requirements to be run on any transaction processing system independent of the hardware or operating system. It is then up to the test sponsor to submit proof (in the form of a full disclosure report) that they have met all the requirements. The TPC has four non-obsolete database benchmarks:

Distribution Channel of Banas Dairy Essay Example for Free

Distribution Channel of Banas Dairy Essay The present study is conducted in the Banas Dairy sales area Genesis of Banas Dairy Late ShriGalbhabhai Patel established Banas Dairy with the dream of uplifting socio economic status of village farmers. This dream was fulfilled through the creation of a co-operative milk union for Banaskantha district, on the footprint of â€Å"Amul Dairy† of Kaira district, the ideal model of a Co-operative. Consequently eight village level co-operative milk societies in Vadgam and Palanpur taluk Ire registered and started collecting and pouring milk at DudhSagar Dairy, Mehsana from 3rd October 1966. The milk union got registered under Co-operative act on 31st January 1969 as Banaskantha District Co-operative milk producers’ Union Limited, popularly known as Banas Dairy. The foundation stone was laid by Late Galbabhai Nanjibhai Patel on 14th January 1971 at 122 acres land acquired near Jagana village in order to set up a dairy plant under the operation flood program launched by national Dairy development Board. On 7th May 1971’ the dairy started functioning at the same place with a capacity of 1. 5 lakh liters of milk per day. This has now been increased to 24. 3 lakh liters per day. The dairy has three automated plants with a wide 8-9 product lines. The small dream of Shri Galbabhai has now taken the shape of a co-operative of 1350 societies with around 15000 members. With the relentless efforts of dedicated and committed leadership, the dairy has won the trust of milk producers of Banaskantha district and has brought about a happy change in the lives of all its members. It has come up as a major revolution in the upliftment of the residents of the district. Mission and Vision Banas District Cooperative Milk Producers Union Ltd. was established with the prime objective of eliminating the monopoly of private traders and providing the poor farmers the due that they deserve. Along with this it also ensures that the farmers are benefited the maximum out of their operations and activities. The mission of the organization is to provide sustainable means of livelihood to socio-economically downtrodden rural mass, while treading on the path of progress. The organization renews its vision every ten years. It strives to be a successful world class co-operative dairy. The objectives of the organization are clearly expressed through the quality policy, which states that: â€Å"I, the Banas Dairy, commit and aspire to fulfil the needs and expectations of our internal as Ill as external customers and delight them through our quality products and services. I shall achieve the goal through the followings: a). Applying principles of Quality Management Systems and Food Safety Management for continuous enrichment of our management processes. ). Providing remunerating returns, quality input services, introducing innovative and appropriate schemes and services to our milk producers. c). Motivating and providing and encouraging appropriate training for skill up-gradation of our employees. d). Protecting our value system and the environment by judicious use of all natural resources. † India is an agri- oriented country of the world. 70% people are living in rural area so I can say Indian peo ple are living in village the majority of population. The dream of late Galbabhai Patel, founder chairman and the selfless sage to uplift socio- economical status of village farmers came true after creation of a co- operative milk union for banaskantha district, on the foot print of â€Å"Amul Dairy†of kaira presently Anand) district on the model of true co operative milk societies in Vadgam and palanpur taluzka of district Ire registered and started collecting and pouring milk at Dudh Sagar dairy, Mahesana from 10th march 1969.

Revolutionary Mexican Women Essay -- Essays Papers

Revolutionary Mexican Women The picture of pre-revolutionary Mexican women was of a woman who had to lived her life constantly in the male shadow. These women were consumed by family life, marriage, and the Catholic Church, and lived silently behind their dominant male counterparts (Soto 31-32). In 1884 (prior to the revolution) the government passed the Mexican Civil Code. It dramatically restricted women's rights at home and at work (Bush and Mumme 351). Soto states that the code "sustains an almost incredible inequality between the conditions of husband and wife, restricts in an exaggerated and arbitrary manner those rights due the woman, and†¦erases and nullifies her personality" (qtd. Bush and Mumme 351). The code was just one of the many inequalities women and other ethnic, economic, political, or religious minorities suffered under the regime of Porfirio Diaz (Bush and Mumme 351). When the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920 arose to fight against the discrimination that Diaz incorporated into his regime, women began to find a place for themselves. It gave them the chance to control their own fate and live more public lives successfully (Soto 31-32). Mexican women were essential to the revolution in a number of ways. They were involved in politics, were strong advocates for the causes they believed in, and participated in life on the battlefields. The female political figures were probably the most important and influential women in the Mexican Revolution. They were prominent political activists, thinkers, writers, figures, role models, and were fearless in their pursuit of their goals, often resulting in jail terms. Both upper and lower class women managed to get high in the ranks of politics despite the ... ...of the female spirit. They took on core positions that were not traditional and excelled in many predominantly male-dominated roles. Mexican women were revolutionary in the way they stretched the boundaries of gender roles and reversed many stereotypes. Sources: Arrizon, Alicia. "Soldaderas and the Staging of the Mexican Revolution." The Drama Review. 42.1 (1998). 90-113. Bush, Diane Mitsch and Stephen P. Muume. "Gender and the Mexican Revolution." Women and Revolution in Africa, Asia, and the New World. Columbia: University of South Carolina, 1994. 343-365. Macias, Anna. "Women and the Mexican Revolution 1910-1920." Americas (Acad. of Am. Franciscan Hist.) 1980. 37(1): 53-82. Soto, Shirlene. Emergence of Modern Mexican Woman: Her Participatrion in Revolution and Struggle for Equality, 1910-1940. Denver, CO: Ardern Press, Inc., 1990. 31-66.

Truman Show Character Development

In the film, Truman Show by Peter Weir, the director used a variety of visual and verbal techniques to develop the character Truman Burbank. Wier used the movement of actors, dialogue, props and symbolism to show how Truman progressed from being a typical all-American guy to a courageous man who's willing to face his fears to break free from the chains that binds him to his ‘creator. ‘ Truman Burbank is a star of his own show- The Truman Show- and everybody knows except him. He lives in the best place in the world, Seahaven, where the people are always friendly and well-dressed. The houses they live in are painted to perfection with well-tended gardens. Here, Truman lives a seemingly perfect life with his beautiful wife, Meryl, and reliable friend, Marlon. As events unfold, Weir shows the audience how Truman is actually unsatisfied with his life- he feels trapped in his marriage and restricted with his job. He yearns for an adventure and dreams of finding Sylvia, his true love. Weir used dialogue and movement of actors to establish for the viewers what Truman is like in the beginning. The start of the film shows him acting out a role of a brave explorer in front of a mirror, saying: ‘Eat me dammit! That's an order! ‘ Because he doesn't have enough excitement in his life and Seahaven is not offering him the challenge he wants, he tries to make up for it by imagining a different life. He's also constantly tells his best friend, Marlon that he's ‘thinking of getting out' and is ‘going away for a while. ‘ But interestingly enough, even with a great desire of getting out, Truman never tries his hardest to leave Seahaven. Weir used Cristof's dialogue to show this: ‘If it was more than just a vague ambition, if he [Truman] was absolutely determined to discover the truth, there's no way we could prevent him. In this stage of the story, Weir shows that Truman is far from being a courageous man. To make sure Truman can't and won't leave, Cristof, the director of The Truman Show television program, used props and dialogue. After Truman's father died in the sea, he developed fear of water. When he came close to finding out that he's father is really alive his mother told him: ‘I know you feel bad about what happened†¦ I've never blame you Truman. ‘ They used his guilt to dismiss his suspicion. They also tried to make him ride a ferry to remind him of his fear when he tries to find Sylvia. When he tried to ride a plane to Fiji to continue looking for her, posters all around talks about the perils of flying to scare him were in the travel agency. A newspaper about Seahaven being the best place int he world is also shown and a movie called â€Å"Shome Me the Way to Go Home† was played on the tv to urge him to stay. Weir used all of these to show the audience that Truman might be slowly changing as he realize that the world he's living in, is not the only one out there. He can leave and lead the life he wants. Truman's character started to develop when he begins to find out that he's actually the star of his own show. Weir used movement of the actors to show how Truman progressed from being the go-with-the-flow-type of guy to a rebel. He acts inappropriately and doesn't think of the conseuences when he drives recklessly around the roundabout and reverses dangerously to get out of the traffic jam. Then, in a desperate attempt to leave Seahaven, he tried to overcome his fear of water by closing his eyes while speeding over the bridge, drives through a fire and even tried to go into a supposedly contaminated forrest. Later, he sailed in the sea through the storm and screamed at the top of his lungs: ‘Is that the best you can do? You're gonna have to kill me! ‘ Weir shows how much Truman, who only talk the talk, has progressed to walking the walk. He's finally doing something to get what he wants and he's giving his all. Truman's name has been used by Weir to symbolise how he is a ‘true man' amidst all the actors in Seahaven. He's been likened to Adam, the first man on the paradise. Adam's life story had become a summary of his. Adam left the paradise, Eden, after eating the forbidden truth of knowledge the same way Truman left his paradise, Seahaven, after learning the truth of his life. However, unlike God, Cristof wanted Truman to stay in Seahaven because it's ‘the way the world should be. ‘ The ending of the film had left the minds of the audience in a state of confusion and mixed emotions. Cristof urges Truman to stay, telling him: Truman, there's no more truth out there than in the world I created for you – the same lies and deceit. But in my world you have nothing to fear. The audience are torn between supporting Truman in his long awaited new life or wishing him to stay in Seahaven were they can watch him and be part of his life. Truman's answer had also likened him to being the second Adam- to being Jesus Christ who sacrificed himself and is ressurected to a new life as Truman sacrificed his seemingly perfect world where his life is controlled for the ‘sick place' where he h as freedom. Symbolism was used to show the audience how courageous and heroic Truman is. In conclusion, Weir used dialogue, movement of actors, props and symbolism to develop the character, truman Burbank. In all of the characters in the film, only Truman showed a change in character. He was always wishing to get out of Seahaven, yearning for an adventure and a new life. But he never did anything to do it; he let his fears and uncertainty to get the best of him. He chose to continue living in his seemingly perfect world. But as he see how far from perfect his life and whole world is, he summoned all his courage and began to rebel. He broke free from the chains that Cristof tied him to and truly became a courageous and heroic man.

Reasons to Support and Reasons to Oppose Ecotourism Essay

Ecotourism is a form of tourism involving visiting pristine, fragile, and relatively undisturbed natural areas, purposed as a low- impact and small scale alternative to commercial tourism, which contributes towards both environmental and socioeconomic benefits. Ecotourism travel has significantly caught the attention of various individuals recently. There are a number of reasons supporting ecotourism and there are a number of reasons opposing ecotourism. Ecotourism invented to help conserving the natural environment, it also helps improving the cultural, economical and social situations of the developing countries. At the same time, it can also possibly leads to a destruction of natural habitats, it can be prejudicial as well as damaging the local communities. The reason opposes ecotourism is that ecotourism will cause the destruction of the ecosystem. Tourists would scare the animals in areas where animals live, such as woodland areas. Those animals live in the forest are wild, they are not tame, and may pose a danger to tourists. The presence of tourists will cause stress to the wild animals since they are not used to live together with humans. If those tourists are carrying food and try to feed them, over a period of time, the survival ability of those animals would decline and it is bad to them. On Mexico’s Pacific coast, bright lights from beachfront hotels disorient female sea turtles coming ashore to lay eggs, often preventing successful reproduction (Eco-tourism: Encouraging Conservation or Adding to Exploitation?;pg.2). If you have ever been to any national parks, you will know that the parks are very big and there are at least a few pieces of rubbish in different places. Examples of that include the large-scale habitat transformation to enhance ecotourism experience in Malaysia, track erosion in Costa Rican National Parks and severe pollution by garbage at certain points in the Himalayas in Nepal (The role of ecotourism in conservation: panacea or Pandora’s box?; pg. 592). There are many park rangers to manage the parks, but it is still difficult to find every single piece of rubbish in the parks. The rubbish can be harmful to the natural environments and animals, especially the plastic trash, for example plastic bottles and plastic bags which cannot be decomposed in a short period. The first reason to support ecotourism is that countries can receive the economic gain from developing ecotourism, especially for those developing countries. Tourism in general created only between 0.5 and 13.5%of the GDP for some developed countries (The role of ecotourism in conservation: panacea or Pandora’s box?; pg. 584), it’s because the developed countries concentrate in financial industry and the real estate industry. But for the developing countries, it could generate huge revenue, for example, hotel revenue, sites entrance fee, tax revenue etc. Goodwin (1996) predicted the revenue created by ecotourism and environmentally sensitive tourism to be 50 billion and 300 billion US$ in the year 2000, respectively (The role of ecotourism in conservation: panacea or Pandora’s box?; pg. 580). It can also generate foreign currencies for their economic development. Ecotourism can also generate employment opportunities for the local communities, they can have more type of work to choose. In Bhutan, ecotourism plays an important role in generating employment opportunities, because there are 80 % of people work in agricultural sector, but conservative figures by the Tourism Council of Bhutan estimate tourism’s contribution to GDP at US$90 million in 2010, and there are now 21,000people employed directly and indirectly in tourism (Bhutan, A Model for Sustainable Tourism Development; pg. 15). The living standard of the local people is increased and compare to the extractive uses of land that ecotourism is more sustainable that locals could gain the long term income. Another reason is, to the developed and developing countries, many of the lands have ecological value for economic development. Developing ecotourism can make the sites protected well because it can generate foreign currency which provides a strong incentive to the government to conserve the sites. The governments will protect the sites for sustainable development but not destroying it, for example hiring park rangers to manage the sites. Also they will promote sites protection to the local resident, since they may not notice about the place they live now is that beautiful and need to conserve it, develop ecotourism can increase their awareness on protecting the sites. Since sustainable development is important to the sites, the government will improve the maintenance of the sites and have a good management. The last reason is ecotourism can increase sense of mission among tourists on nature and tourists can benefit from the local cultures. They can gain more knowledge about the nature since they can experience that directly. Local residents can benefit from the environmental education ecotourism provides. Honduran schoolchildren from the capital city of Tegucigalpa are routinely taken to visit the La Tigra cloud forest visitor center, to learn about the intricacies of the rainforests (Eco-tourism: Encouraging Conservation or Adding to Exploitation? ;pg.2). Tourist always like shopping while traveling, ecotourism can let them have more interaction with the nature, local residents and have a relaxing time, not just shopping but also enjoy the natural environment and try to travel on foot. Tourists are able to have an opportunity benefit from local cultures and understand the country more deeply. Some countries will promote that supporting local cultures by eating foods which are locally grown, having lunch in local-owned restaurants, taking part in their traditional activities, buying food at stores. The rise of interest in ecotourism is beneficial to many aspects, the government can achieve economic gains, and the local communities have a higher income. Also, it is beneficial to the ecotourism sites that the sites can be protected well and beneficial to the tourists that they can gain more knowledge about the nature. Although ecotourism may cause some habitat alterations and pollute the area, it can still be balanced between sustainable development and economic development if it is managed well and can be developed in more and more countries. So the advantages of development of ecotourism outweigh the disadvantages. It can also conserve the environment, which is good to all of us.

Labor Unions Essays - Labour Relations, Free Essays, Term Papers

Labor Unions Essays - Labour Relations, Free Essays, Term Papers Labor Unions Labor Unions What do you think of when you hear the phrase labor unions? Most people associate a negative connotation with labor unions. They think that labor unions are the only cause of strikes and work stoppages. Most think that people in unions are greedy and will do anything to get more money. Others swear by their unions, saying that their employers would take advantage of them if they didnt organize their unions. However as we prepare to enter the new millennium, labor unions are decreasing in size. Lets look at some of reasons. First, the numbers are unmistakable. At the end of 1997, when the most recent count was made, only 14.1% of workers belonged to unions, the lowest percentage since 1936 (Gross 23). This is a dramatic decrease from when unions were at their height at the end of World War II when 35.3% of Americans were in unions (Galenson 13). One cause of this fall of union membership is the decline of manufacturing in America and the transfer of much manufacturing work over seas (Gross 24). Because of advances in technology and labor saving innovations, fewer people are required to make steel and assembler automobiles. As a result, only 16.1% of U.S. workers now work in factories, down from 22.8% twenty years ago (Aronwitz 2). There has also been a decrease in size of the large corporations, which in the past usually signed industry-wide contracts to produce a particular item. The latest figures show that the 800 largest firms employed 17% of the total workforce, down from 25.7% twenty years ago (Aronwitz 3). Many of these companies have their work done abroad. Nike does not make a single shoe in the United States and many insurance companies are having paperwork processed over seas (Hacker 45). At home corporate jobs are frequently assigned to temporary workers, who are often classified as independent contractors and are not very likely to join unions. Indeed, there are fewer long-term jobs, something union seniority could once guarantee. Last year, among men aged forty to forty-five, only 39.1% had worked ten or more years at their current job, compared with 51.1 percent in 1983 (Galenson 27). So, one might ask, what caused this to happen? At some point in the 1980s, the balance of power shifted against labor unions. Some say the defining moment was in 1981, when then-U.S. president Ronald Reagan forced an end to the bitter air traffic controllers' strike. Others point to the 1985 victory of then-British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher over striking coal miners (Gross 239). Whatever the reason, unions are trying to make a comeback. There are several strategies that unions have devised to return to their former glory. Unions have adopted a more lenient attitude towards management, reducing the number of strikes to record lows in the 1980s and early 90s, and attempting to negotiate contracts providing job security for members (Gross 278). Unions have also placed greater emphasis on organizing drives for new members. Although unions have been very successful in organizing government employees, they have been less successful with recruiting office workers in the rapidly expanding services sector. However, during the last two decades, the wage advantage for unionized workers with private jobs has fallen by 44.1 percent, although the public sector has increased by 9.5 percent (Maguire 20). Currently, 41.9% of union members are from the public sector. Among the most strongly unionized occupations are firefighters (71.6%), flight attendants (69.4%), and high school teachers (56.1%). Only 28.6 percent of coal miners belong to unions and only 19.5% of truck drivers (Hacker 47). Despite all of the downsides of unions they do have their benefits. Here are a few examples of salaries secured through collective bargaining by highly trained professionals: Pilots with only fifteen years of service at Northwest, American, United, and US Airways now earn on average over $175,000 a year. Professors at New York City University can now get as much as $101,655 for twenty-eight weeks of teaching. Under the current National Basketball Association contract, first year playerssome of them right out of high schoolwill start at $300,000 (Hacker 48). The recent NBA lockout has shaped many peoples opinions on labor unions. Most people, myself included, thought that it was

Free sample - Dreaming. translation missing

Dreaming. DreamingIn Kelly Bulkley’s mystical dreaming, analysis on the patterns in form, content and meaning has been carried out based on a non-experimental research study based on religion. Interviews were carried on 100 Americans whereby four major hypothesis were put forward on: mystical experiences are derived from abnormal and pathological brain functioning; they are characterized by the Jamesian marks ineffability, anoetic or knowledge-gaining, quality, transience, and passivity; mystical experiences are cultural constructions enhanced by an individual’s history, religion, language and the social environment one is exposed to; and leading towards consciousness or absolute unitary being. This presents a basis for contrasting on the appropriate level of analysis of mystism be it physical or phenomenological and whether mystical dreams are real or apparent presenting an argument on pluralism versus universalism. This, unlike previous studies, has been based on findings of dr eam research. Findings provide further support for these hypotheses and also show that mystical dreams are more prevalent in women in comparison to men.   The study was carried out through personal interviews on family life, political afflictions and religious convictions.   The variables investigated were the respondent’ details, settings, color and emotions experienced in the dream. 65 women and 35 men ranging from 19-86, with an average age of 46, were interviewed for one to five hours. There were however several limitations on scope, the age range, religious composition, breadth of an individual’s experience and occupational diversity. Findings tabulated showed that 94% of the participants were able to describe their most memorable dream. At least 89% experienced sexually arousing dreams which were positive and enjoyable with the number of women being slightly higher at 91% in comparison to 87% in men. Dreams on visitation were quite prevalent at 69% with women experiencing 50% in contrast to the men’s high of 79%. Dreams on self-awareness and lucidity were more prevalent in men.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dreams on evil presence were evenly common at 53%. However, mystical dreams were considerably more experienced by women rather than men who had the lowest frequency at 40% in comparison to any other type of dream experienced. Mystical dreams experienced involved unusual and non-human characters, friendly interactions, positive emotions, and good fortunes. This is in contrast to non-religious dreams which involve negative content and emotions coupled with aggressive social interactions and misfortunes. The individual’s interpretation and understanding as to the motif of the dream have been observed in the study of 42 core dreams which have been either on single or multiple occurrences. These motifs were death, Christianity, light, precognition, reassurance, nightmare, epistemological uncertainty, and impact–no memory. Psychologists view dreams to be filled with strange, bizarre and supernatural phenomena. However, they are neither disjointed, nor fragmented and vague but are coherent, vivid and consistent with real-life emotional, social and religious experiences. These further serves to illustrate that dreams are not random and irrelevant but are an expression of human experiences through imagination. The abnormal/pathological brain function theory was supported by three people who experienced their dreams when ill. However, most of the people sampled were perfectly healthy at the time the survey was conducted hence the dreams could not have been caused by brain defe cts. A Jamesian mark on ineffability is contravened by the fact that most people can precisely describe the details of their dreams. Most of the dreams were found to be coherent, memorable and enduring. However, the dreams were anoetic since the persons regularly described them as sources of true insight and knowledge. Therefore, James’ claim as a whole is contravened. The culturalist approach is widely supported by the study. Christian motifs serve a basis for religion whereby they represent a symbolic world. The dreams were strongly felt although they were spiritually mystical. It seems that most dreams are influenced by multiple factors of culture, religion, history, and language.   The â€Å"pure consciousness† view by which mystical experiences are regarded as varying approximations of a unitary mode of being have not been widely supported in the light motif.   (Bulkeley) In an experimental procedure provided by Brigitte Holzinger, Stephen Laberge and Lynne Levitan on the Psychophysiological Correlates of Lucid Dreaming, the study sought to electrophysiological differences between lucid and non-lucid dreams in REM sleep have been explored. This has been classified as an experimental study since the causal effect of REM periods has been investigated against theta power, alpha power, beta-1 power, beta-2 power, total power, heart rate, eye movements and muscular activity. Lucid dreaming was found to be vital in therapeutic settings such as solving recurrent nightmares. The hypothesis is that lucid dreams are associated with higher frequencies in the EEG spectrum. This study involved a sample of seven men and four women experienced lucid dreamer volunteers ranging from 21 to 37 years who underwent polysomnographic recordings for two consecutive nights in a sleep laboratory. The subjects were full aware of the dream state, the possibility of making free decisions under clear consciousness, perception by all senses, full memory of waking life, full memory of all lucid dream experiences in the waking state and in the lucid dream state and awareness of the meaning of symbols. Eye movements, heart rate, blood pressure, and skin potential in lucid and non-lucid dreams were compared. There were a number of physiological variables such as lucid REM periods recorded through EEG data onto an Ampex analog tape recorder while others on polygraph paper.   Later, the EEG data were digitized, using a BECKMAN polygraph and a CODAS computer interface, with a sampling rate of either 100 or 125 points per second. A computer program read in the digitized EEG da ta as well as the averaged calibration, applying FFT. The program then summed the spectral analyses into the appropriate frequency bands such as DELTA, THETA, ALPHA, BETA-1 and BETA-2. In this study methodology, light stimuli were used for lucid dream induction whereby a sleep mask was equipped with two extra-bright red light-emitting diodes. The stimulus was triggered through pressing a button 7 minutes after each REM onset of eight flashes in 2 seconds (4 Hz) determined by polysomnography. Response was initiated through eye movements such as LR2 ( left-right left-right) in order to indicate lucidity and LR4 (left, right, left, right, left, right, left, right) to indicate a waking state. The subjects were all aware as to what constituted a lucid dream and its volitional control. This was further enhanced by eye signals initiated once a dream state was achieved.   If a response was not initiated, the light stimulus was then re-triggered after each REM onset. If there still was no response, the subjects were then awakened after 30 seconds and asked to record their experience and rate the dream either as lucid or non-lucid. Else, if a subject signaled, the light st imulus was not re-triggered. A false awakening was detected when an LR4 signal was made when the subject was still asleep.  Ã‚   Lucid dreams were hence identified by an LR2 signal visible in polysomnography and an actual account reported by the subject.   Differences between lucid and non-lucid epochs consisting of 7.5-second time units, a discriminant function analysis and MANOVA were carried out. The ANOVA approach was then used to contrast between the onset of lucidity and the non-lucid state.   Findings showed that lucid dreams occurred during periods of increased physiological activation. The essence of the experimental study was to find out on the existence of psychological differences between lucid and non-lucid REM epochs which consisted of various variables: theta power, alpha power, beta-1 power, beta-2 power, total power, heart rate, eye movements and muscular activity (EMG).A discriminant function analysis yielded six variables, splitting the data set with a Canonical Correlation of 0.494 and Chisquare of 10.419. Criteria of non-lucid epochs were the means of the eye movements, total power of the right parietal hemisphere and beta-1 of the right frontal lobe, whereas criteria of lucid epochs were beta-2 and beta-1 of the right parietal lobe and beta-1 of the left frontal lobe. Discriminant function analysis produced a predicted group membership of 69% for non-lucid epochs and 77.8% for lucid ones. (Levitan et al) References Levitan, B. H. Psychophysiological Correlates of Lucid Dreaming. Psychology of Dreams. (2009, October 4). Retrieved November 9, 2010, from Buzzle.com

Is the constant vulnerability and pressure on the U.S. dollar a Dissertation

Is the constant vulnerability and pressure on the U.S. dollar a serious threat to American hegemony and unipolarity as a whole - Dissertation Example For example, in 1995 it was estimated that approximately fifty nine percent (59%) of the total global currency reserve was made up of US dollar (Global currency reserve 2013). In 1998, the US dollar constituted approximately sixty nine percent (69%) of the total global currency reserve, and in 1999 it constituted of approximately seventy one percent (71%) of the total global currency reserve. Global currency reserve (2013) further indicated that in the third quarter of 2012, the US dollar was estimated to constitute an approximate of 62 percent of the global currency reserve. The composition of the other competing currencies such as Euro, Japanese Yuan and Starling Pound are still insignificant when compared to that of the United States dollar (Global currency reserve 2013). For example, the second most commonly used international currency, the Euro, was estimated to constitute 24 percent of the total global currency reserve in the third quarter of 2012 (Global currency reserve 2013) . It has been argued by some economists such as Kirshnars (2012) that this constant fall of value and fluctuations of the United States of America dollar in global market has a serious threat to American hegemony and unipolarity as a whole. ... value of US dollar would deprive United States of America of enjoying the benefits of economic dominance such as ability to finance its trade related deficits. Other than Kirshnars, Clerk is another author who supported the opinion that United States of America will lose its economic and political hegemony as whole due to the current pressures and threats. Goldberg (2010) is another economist who suppported the above mentioned argument. Goldberg (2010) explained that the current pressure would affect international trade and economy of the United States of America as a whole. Even though the Kirshnars, Goldberg and Clerk tried to relate the strength of US dollar with the economic and political dominance of United States of America, the authors failed to explain how the United States rose to this dominance and factors that contributed towards this dominance. Also, the authors failed to explain why economic and political influences of some nations such as China are on the rapid rise reg ardless of the fact that their currencies remain insignificant in terms of global currency reserve. Due to the above mentioned weakness, my opinion as well as argument is contrary to those of Kirshnar, Clerk and Goldberg, and contrary to the argument that the constant vulnerability and pressure on the U.S. dollar may cause a serious threat to American hegemony and unipolarity as a whole. In this regard I am of the view that due to the strength and experience of the United States economy, it will not lose its hegemony as a whole but other contenders may arise such as China and emerging markets. This paper, therefore, aims at supporting the view that due to the strength and experience of the United States economy, it will not lose its hegemony as a whole but other contenders may arise such as

Macro and Micro economics research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Macro and Micro economics research - Essay Example Competitors sell products and services of the same description. A public is any group that has a potential interest on the ability of a company to achieve its goals and objectives. Macro environment Macro environment factors are also external to the firm and cannot be controlled. These factors hardly have any effect the marketing capability but affect the decisions of marketing within the company. Macro environmental factors may include the following: Cultural and Social Forces: This idea is considered in marketing literature as a substitute to the concept of marketing. The social forces try to make marketing as a practice that is socially responsible. This implies that companies ought to eradicate products that are socially harmful and only produce what may be valuable to society. Legal and political forces: Development in the legal and political field highly affects the decisions of marketing. Marketing decision may not be taken without considering the political parties in power, g overnmental agencies and laws regarding land. These variables often develop remarkable pressures on management of marketing. Laws often affect promotion and pricing, product design, capability and product capacity. In almost all the countries, the government always intervenes in the process of marketing despite their political beliefs. Demographic forces: In this situation, the marketer examines the population since the people create markets. Economic factors: The economic environment is made up of macro level factors that relate to a distribution and production means that affects the business of a company. Physical forces: These include the renewable and non-renewable resources of the earth. Renewable forces include food products and... Cultural and Social Forces: This idea is considered in marketing literature as a substitute to the concept of marketing. The social forces try to make marketing as a practice that is socially responsible. This implies that companies ought to eradicate products that are socially harmful and only produce what may be valuable to society. Legal and political forces: Development in the legal and political field highly affects the decisions of marketing. Marketing decision may not be taken without considering the political parties in power, governmental agencies and laws regarding land. These variables often develop remarkable pressures on management of marketing. Laws often affect promotion and pricing, product design, capability and product capacity. In almost all the countries, the government always intervenes in the process of marketing despite their political beliefs. Demographic forces: In this situation, the marketer examines the population since the people create markets. Economic factors: The economic environment is made up of macro level factors that relate to a distribution and production means that affects the business of a company. Physical forces: These include the renewable and non-renewable resources of the earth. Renewable forces include food products and the forest. Non-renewable resources include minerals, coal and oil. These components often change the level of resources that are necessary for a marketer.

Postwer and Recent Higher eduction Research Paper

Postwer and Recent Higher eduction - Research Paper Example The best part of this period was the formation of Students for a Democratic civilization in Michigan which solely focused on schools being social agents and uplifting the society. Most of the student groups that were formed during this period focused on societal issues such as fighting racism, pushing for integration and calling for the halting of state-led education (Wechsler, 2007). One of the largest student strikes occurred in May and June of 1970 which was in response of the Kent State Shootings and when America invaded Cambodia. During the early 1980s numerous formal groups brought together neoliberal models of various student activism across the nation mostly from the campuses. The Campus Outreach Occasional League is credited for the identification and championing of the vast interests in service amongst the higher education students. Student activism also rose during the 1990s as the neoliberal population service policies were ushered in by Bill Clinton (Thelin, 2011). There was also the renaissance of populist student activism which was against standardized teaching and testing. They also pushed for radical changes to ensure their sustainability by pushing for leadership changes and education policy and

Analysis of Human Fossil Findings in Indonesia

Analysis of Human Fossil Findings in Indonesia Indonesia is an important country to examine about human origins and evolution, due to many sites within central Java, such as Sangiran and Ngandong which account for 75 percent of the world’s Homo erectus findings (Frederick Worden, 2011). Evolution of Homo sapiens in Indonesia has shown Indonesian archipelago was inhabited by Homo erectus, which were known as the â€Å"Java Man†, between 1.5 million years ago and resent as 35,000 years ago. About 800,000 years ago, some of the earliest hominids of the archipelago made tools, constructed boats, used fire, and had a language (Fredrick Worden, 2011). Furthermore, about 600,000 years ago, these hominids have developed a more complex and civilized culture which was dispersing throughout Indonesia (Fredrick Worden, 2011). Patterns of evolution started to form through hunting, fishing, and creating communities which depended on tools made of materials such as shell, wood, bamboo, and stone (Fredrick Worden, 2011). The most recent discoveries in human fossils, were in 2004 on the island of Flores, Indonesia, which is located between Bali and Timor. Flores, Indonesia is one of many Wallacean islands, which lie east of Wallaces Line and west of Lydekkers Line.Teams of archeologists found an entirely new type of hominid species at the Liang Bua excavation site, which has since been named Homo floresiensis. This type of hominid has been considered a new hominid type that had locally evolved, was a considerably smaller hominid, and was mixed between Homo erectus and modern humans (Fredrick Worden, 2011). Homo floresiensis was a dwarf human, which lived at Liang Bua between at least 95,000 and 13,000 years ago. The species was believed to have used stone tools, fire, and hunted small animals found on Flores (Foley, 2005). The newly found remains had a skull that appeared to belong to a hominine species, possibly belonging to a child considering its size, but once the remaining parts of its skull and teeth were found and they concluded it did not belong to a child, but an adult. The remains of this hominines partial skeleton was found and, the likes of which had never been discovered before.Today, this specimen is referred to as Liang Bua 1 (Smithsonian Institution, 2014). The earliest modern humans coexisted with their hominid relatives for thousands of years, although there is no evidence of this at Liang Bua (Fredrick Warden, 2011). Although Indonesia is extremely diverse ethnically, with more than 350 distinct ethnic groups that are recognized, along with 13 languages spoken by 1 million speakers (Fredrick Warden, 2011). Human immigration to the islands of Indonesia occurred as long ago as 3000BC, and was continuous for about 3000 years. People immigrated to Indonesia in small groups and established independent civilizations all around the coast, occasionally coexisting with the hostile descendants of â€Å"Java Man† (Frederick Worden, 2011). In the next several millennia Indonesia developed cultural characteristics that still exist today such as rice agriculture, ceramic and metal technology and the expansion of long distance seal travel and trade. Earlier inhabitants used horticultural economy in which they grew cereals, created pottery and stone tools during the period 2500 to 500 B.C (Glasscase, 2011). During the period between 500 B.C. and A.D. 500, as the people of the archipelago increasingly interacted with South and East Asia, metals and domesticated farm animals were introduced (Glasscase, 2011). The Dongson culture, which originated in Vietnam and southern China around 1000 BC, spread to Indonesia, bringing irrigated rice growing techniques, husbandry skills; buffalo sacrifice rituals, bronze casting, the custom of erecting megaliths, and ikat weaving methods. By 700 BC, Indonesia was dotted with permanent villages where life was linked to rice production (Lonely Planet, 2014). These early settlers were animists, believing all objects had a life force or soul. The spirits of the dead had to be honored, as they could still help the living and influence natural events, while evil spirits had to be warded off with offerings and ceremonies. As there was a belief in the afterlife, weapons and utensils were left in tombs for use in the next world. By the 1st century AD, small kingdoms, were little more than collections of villages with a leader, which evolved from Java (Lonely Planet, 2014). The island’s constant hot temperature, abundant rainfall and volcanic soil were ideal for wet field rice cultivation. The organization this required may explain why the Javanese developed a seemingly more successful society than the other islands. It is not certain how Hinduism and Buddhism arrived in Indonesia. The oldest works of Hindu art in Indonesia were found in Sulawesi and Sumatra in 3rd century AD (Fredrick Worden, 1992). One theory suggests that the developing courts invited Brahman priests from India to watch over on spiritual and ritual sacrifices, thereby providing status to those in control (Fredrick and Worden, 1992). In earlier kingdoms, the Hindu-Buddhist kingdom of Sriwijaya rose in Sumatra (an Indonesian island) during the 7th century AD (Lonely Planet, 2014). It was the first major Indonesian sea power able to control the trade in Southeast Asia by being located on the Strait of Melaka. The Buddhist Sailendra dynasty and the Hindu Mataram dynasty flourished in Central Java (the largest Indonesian island) between the 8th and 10th centuries (Lonely Planet, 2014). While Sriwijaya’s wealth came from trade, Javanese kingdoms like Mataram had human labor at their disposal and developed as agrarian societies. At the end of the 10th century, the Mataram kingdom declined. The centre of power shifted from Central to East Java and it was a period when Hinduism and Buddhism were united and when Javanese culture began to come into its own (Pearson Education, 2000-2014). A series of kingdoms held until the 1294 rise of the Majapahit kingdom, which grew during the reign of Hayam Wuruk from 1350 to 1389 (Pearson Education, 2000-2014). Its territorial expansion can be credited to military commander Gajah Mada, who helped the kingdom claim control over the archipelago, claiming power over smaller kingdoms and obtaining trading rights from them. After Hayam Wuruk’s death in 1389, the kingdom began a steady decline (Pearson Education, 2000-2014). The first Islamic inscriptions found in Indonesia date from the 11th century. Islam first took hold in northern Sumatra,(a western Indonesian island) where Arab traders had settled by the 13th century. From the 15th and 16th centuries, Indonesian rulers made Islam the state religion. By the 15th century, the trading kingdom of Melaka (a small Malaysian state) was reaching the height of its power and had embraced Islam (Lonely Planet, 2014). Its influence strengthened the spread of Islam through the archipelago. By the time of the collapse of the Majapahit kingdom (based on the island of Java) in the early 1500s, many of its satellite kingdoms had already declared themselves independent Islamic states (Lonely Planet, 2014). Much of their wealth came from trading spices, and Islam followed the trade routes across the archipelago. By the end of the 16th century, a new sea power had emerged on Sulawesi, which had been settled by Malay traders and whose realm spread far beyond the region (Lonely Planet, 2014). Beginning in 1602, the Dutch slowly established themselves as rulers of Indonesia and eventually laid the foundation of the Indonesian state, by taking advantage of the weakness of the small kingdoms that had replaced that of Majapahit (Pearson Education, 2000-2014). During 300 years of rule, the Dutch developed the Netherlands East Indies into one of the worlds richest colonial possessions, extracting natural resources through local elites but doing little to modernize Indonesia. By the end of the Dutch rule and after many wars and lives taken, the Indonesian people wanted to stand alone and become united. The Indonesian people started to receive a Dutch education for the children of the Indonesian elite, and with that came Western political ideas of freedom and democracy (Lonely Planet, 2014). However, the first ideas of Indonesian nationalism came from Islamic movements. Despite Dutch repression, the nationalist movement found a unified voice. In a historic announcement in 1928, the All Indonesia Youth Congress proclaimed it’s Youth Pledge, adopting the notions of one national identity, one country and one language (Lonely Planet, 2014). The battle for independence wavered between warfare and diplomacy. Under the Linggarjati Agreement of November 1946, the Dutch recognized the Republican government and both sides agreed to work towards an Indonesian federation under a Dutch commonwealth (Pearson Education, 2000-2014). The agreement was soon swept aside as war escalated. The Dutch mounted a large offensive in July 1947, causing the United Nations to step in (Pearson Education, 2000-2014). In February 1948 the Dutch launched another attack on the Republicans, breaking the United Nations agreement. Under pressure from the United States, which threatened to withdraw its postwar aid to the Netherlands, the Dutch negotiated for independence. On December 27, 1949 the Indonesian flag was raised at Jakarta’s Istana Merdeka, and power was officially handed over (Pearson Education, 2000-2014). References Foley, J. (2005, April 01).  Homo floresiensis: The hobbit. Retrieved from http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/flores.html Frederick, W., Worden, R. (1992). Early Indonesia. Retrieved from http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Indones.html Frederick, W., Worden, R. (2011).  Indonesia a country study. (6thed.). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Glasscase, F. (2011, June 01). Indonesia uncovered: Prehistoric indonesia. Retrieved from http://indonesiauncovered.blogspot.com/2011/06/prehistoric-indonesia.html Lonely Planet. (2014). History of Indonesia. Retrieved from http://www.lonelyplanet.com/indonesia/history ONeil, D. (1999).  Homo erectus. Retrieved from http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo/homo_2.htm Pearson Education. (2000-2014). Indonesia. Retrieved from http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0107634.html Prof. Palmer, Soc.3597.01, January 2014. Smithsonian Institution. (2014, January 27).  Hobbits on flores, Indonesia. Retrieved from http://humanorigins.si.edu/research/asian-research/hobbits

Finding the Truth in the Situation Essay examples -- Literary Analysis

William Shakespeare has yet again created a world of good and evil. In his work Othello, the ideals and principles of this world are just like any other with a twist brought upon by two characters, Othello and Iago. These two characters along with many others employ the central idea of what good and evil entails. However, neither Othello nor Iago possess just one of these traits. Othello is not just the pure perfect guy he is perceived to be and Iago is not just the evil vindictive character he is believed to be but rather both of these men are far more interesting than that. They both have the necessary qualities that get them through life and potentially threaten their lives. Through their actions and interactions with the other characters that they really are is shown. Othello seems to have a really rough time finding the truth in people. The reasoning behind this is simply the way he acts around people. Although Othello is a cultural and racial outsider in Venice, his skill as a soldier and leader is nevertheless valuable and necessary. He is after all a man in high power and is respected for that simple fact. Essentially, the first impact that is made upon the reader of Othello is not one of high quality. He was called many names of which had to do mostly with his racial background some of these names include â€Å"the Moor† (I.i.57), â€Å"an old black ram† (I.i.88), and â€Å"a Barbary horse† (I.i.113). The two characters that begin the cruel introduction of Othello are two trusted comrades, one being Iago. Right from the start, Iago already begins the demise of Othello. Now since Othello made this decision to trust and simply see the good in everyone rather than the truth in everyone his life got turned upside down and st arted to take ... ...re. He is like a chameleon, loves the attention he receives when entering a room, yet he can blend in with the crowd when need be. No one could ever see the real Iago because he never let anyone, even his wife Emilia, know the real him. Both Othello and Iago have many different qualities but the ones that are the same are what proves the point of them not just simply being two sides of one coin. Othello had many weaknesses and Iago plays off every single one of them, the â€Å"hellish villain†(V, ii, 354) that Iago is killed every living ounce that was left in Othello, and once the truth came to the surface, Othello only wished he could awaken and â€Å"arise, black vengeance, from the hollow hell† (III, iii, 507). The fact that Iago had â€Å"ensnared [Othello’s] soul and body† (V, ii, 354) made Othello believe that â€Å"honesty’s a fool† (III, iii, 436) and his life was over.

Paschal Mystery

Gabrielle Murabito Brother Jim, S. A. C. New Testament 9 April 2013 Paschal Mystery Essay God had a wonderful plan for everything He created for all things that exist. The Paschal Mystery is Christ work of redemption through His Passion, death, Resurrection, Ascension, and Pentecost. The term Paschal mystery comes from the Pasch, which is the Passover event of the Exodus. God sent the ancient Hebrews from slavery and death in Egypt, so Jesus could save us from original sin and eternal death. God the Father sent His Son to rescue all humanity.His Son did this by dying for the whole world. He willingly offered himself for the salvation through His suffering, death, Resurrection, Ascension, and Pentecost. Christians call it the Paschal Mystery because we celebrate this in the sacrament of Eucharist. Eucharist represents Christ’s body and that was given to His followers on the Last Supper. It is all meant to show God’s love and Jesus’ suffering. Jesus redeemed himsel f through His passion, death, Resurrection, Ascension, and Pentecost.Jesus’ passion is He, Himself, suffering through and eventually dying on the cross. In Mark 14:58, the footnote 14:38 states that â€Å"Everyone is faced with this struggle, the full force of which Jesus is accepted on our behalf and, through his bitter passion and death, achieved the victory†. Jesus accepted His passion when He accepted His cross and out of His own free will, died for us. Jesus’ death only lasted 3 hours. When others got crucified, it lasted days.Jesus was mocked until His death, beaten many times, had to carry His own cross, and when He was put on the cross, He eventually died from suffocation because He had too much fluid in His lungs from hanging. His death was very painful but He did it for all of us. In Mark 15:39, it says, â€Å"When the centurion who stood facing Him saw how He breathed his last he said, Truly this man was the Son of God! †. His death proved to e veryone that He, Jesus was the Son of God. On the third day, Jesus resurrected.Many did not believe, they were afraid. His resurrection changed Him physical. He was no longer the same. Jesus could walk through walls but could still be able to eat and touch people. His resurrection also proved that He was the Son of God. â€Å"So then the Lord Jesus, after he spoke to them, was taken up into heaven and took his seat at the right hand of God. † Mark 16:19, explains the Ascension of Jesus. He ascended into heaven in His resurrected body. This proves that all humanity is taken into heaven.Jesus mission on earth has been accomplished and will return again someday. On the fifteenth day following Easter when the Holy Spirit is made present, given, and communicated as divine Person of the Trinity. Pentecost is an event when the Apostles and Disciples were in the upper room and the Holy Spirit came upon. â€Å"The Holy Spirit gave them abilities. † This event marked the beginni ng of the manifestation of the gifts and fruits of the Spirit. Now, Jesus’ mission will be completed through others. Jesus, the redeemer, saved the whole world from sin.

Overcoming Defense Mechanisms Essay

Practical implications of each term are included for the benefit of organizations interested in applying theory in practice. Key words: organizational cohesion, action systems, compliance, culture of tradition, complete concrete systems, and symbolism Organizational Cohesion According to Etzioni (1961), cohesion can be defined as a positive expressive relationship among two or more actors that can reinforce negative and positive norms (p. ). He further differentiates cohesion bonds between persons of the same rank, peer cohesion, and cohesion bonds between persons of different ranks, hierarchical cohesion. The degree to which peer cohesion exists within an organization can determine how readily norms that are held by the majority of a given group or held by the most influential persons within a group will be accepted by the remaining group participants. In other words, peer cohesion dictates the degree to which actors within a given group are likely to mimic or adopt each other’s behavior and/or values. It has also been suggested by Homans (1951), that there is a direct correlation between the frequency and endurance of interaction within a group and the level of a group’s cohesiveness. In other words, the more group participants interact, the more likely it is that they will adopt each other’s mannerisms, outlooks, or orientations toward the larger group of which they are a part (Etzioni, 1961, p. 290). Assuming that norms that are beneficial to a particular organization are being fostered via peer ohesion, such as intra-team cooperation, the net effect could be a highly productive work environment with low employee turnover. Etzioni’s research implies that organizations with high peer cohesion tend to have low employee turnover, which reduces costs involved with recruiting and socializing new employees, knowledge capture, and maintaining daily work routines. However, it is important to note that cohesion can reinforce both negative and positive norms, which is to say behaviors that alienate an employee from an organization as well as behaviors that reinforce one’s commitment to an organization (p. 80 ). Reagans and McEvily (2003) suggest that cohesion, specifically social cohesion, influences the willingness of individuals to devote time and effort to assisting others within a given group, in addition to serving as a motivator to transfer knowledge to a coworker or colleague (p. 245). Ultimately, cohesion within an organizational group, can encourage a â€Å"you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours† effect that can encourage knowledge exchange across employees and reduce direct peer-to-peer or intra-departmental competition amongst employees (Reagan & McEvily, 2003, p. 245). In other words, â€Å"by limiting competition, social cohesion promotes knowledge transfer,† which is an essential component of a learning and innovative organization (Reagans & McEvily, 2003, p. 247). Although organizational cohesion can foster â€Å"exchange relationships that build commitment† (Tyndall, 2012, p. 3), it is essential that organizational leaders recognize tipping points wherein too much cohesion could increase group-think and inhibit innovation, performance, and potentially disrupt a work-group’s alignment with the overall organization’s values, should a given group’s norms contradict such values (p. ). Where possible, organizational leaders might assess the power that cohesiveness has within their organization, identify the source of cohesiveness, be it an agent of the organization or the organization itself, and take the necessary action to either encourage or discourage the cohesiveness, depending on whether it currently work s in favor of the organization or to its detriment. Action Systems An action system embodies a collective effort to attain a single goal, as executed by interdependent work units’ processes, tasks, and functions. To attain its goal as a unit, a social action system adopts a structure and a process for organizing member activities† (De Ven, 1976, p. 25). An action system is a term used to describe a system that produces an output only if the necessary actions are completed by the appropriate parties throughout the entire production process-placing emphasis on the relationship that exists between actions and the larger task they accomplish. The existence of this term serves to illustrate a theoretical shift away from focusing on work units or groups and a shift toward focusing on the individual job holders’ roles within the larger group, analogous to speaking in of terms of cogs within a machine (Tyndall, 2012, p. 3). As Parsons (1951) has noted, â€Å"acts do not occur singly and discretely, they are organized in systems† (p. 7). Simply put, an action system is made up of two components: the actor and his situation (p. 7). By speaking in terms of action systems, the theorist or manager hopes to identify all factors that affect these two components in the name of achieving their end objective, be it decreasing production error and lags, and increasing production successes (non-defective output) or any combination thereof. The more an organization can identify all variables, resources, and actions required at each phase of production, the more it can regulate and manage them. â€Å"Resources and information flows are the basic elements of activity in organized forms of behavior† (De Ven, 1976, p. 25). If, for example, an actor works in reception at a doctor’s office, he/she might require a computer, medical forms, chairs for patients, clipboards, pens, etc. By tracking usage and resource requirements over an extended period of time, records might reveal that there are too many patients or too few chairs in the waiting area at any given time. Identifying this fail point will serve as a signal to the organization to either increase the number of chairs in the office, increase the number of business hours (to spread out patients), add a second partner, expand to a second location, or some other alternative. Total Quality Management, Lean Six Sigma, and Demings 14-Points of Quality are all examples of how organizations have provided structure to these very practices (Tyndall, 2012, p. 16-18) Just as an organization can identify, measure, and manage tangible resources along each stage of an action system, so too can an organization identify and measure intangible factors that influence workers orientation toward the organization and their assigned tasks. By understanding a worker’s motivation for being on the ob, an organization will be better equipped to frame that employee’s work and performance evaluation in such a way that will encourage the worker to achieve higher levels of performance. By structuring job functions in ways that directly attach task ownership to individual job holders, an organization can increase the accountability for that employee, and increase the likelihood of their experiencing satisfaction upon completely their assigned task –due to the ta sk’s proximity to its â€Å"owner† (Tyndall, 2012, p. 8). Forward-thinking and adaptable organizations will encourage transparency and two-way feedback between management and those who are managed. For this reason, it would be wise for organizations to seek input from employees when identifying areas of process improvement within action systems, share successes across the organization, and openly value collaboration between groups and collegiality within groups (Trist, 1981, p. 43, 57, & 49). Compliance Etzioni (1961) defines compliance as â€Å"a relationship consisting of the power employed by supervisors to control subordinates and the orientation of subordinates to this power† (p. xiii). Sciulli and Etzioni (1996) identify three sources of compliance: coercion, economic or pecuniary incentives, and normative values (p. 137). This interplay between the governors and the governed directly influences how an organization will function and be perceived by internal and external stakeholders. Further, the dynamic between these two parties sheds light on where power, and specifically the power to make change, resides within an organization. As was exemplified in The Challenger Disaster, the extent to which an organization’s members recognize when it is necessary to comply and when it is necessary to break from routine impinges on an organization’s ability to adapt and respond to catastrophic events: Argyris’s (1990) analysis of The Challenger Disaster brought to light the following: The problems were not only in the structure, rules, and independent monitoring devices. The problems also were that highly committed, well-intentioned, safety-oriented, can-do players reasoned and acted in ways that violated their own standards and made certain that this violation was covered up and that the cover-up was covered up. (p. 42). One could argue that NASA’s employees ignored their respective ethical instincts and instead complied with that of the organization, NASA: an unspoken practice of ignoring unsettling information in the name of making deadlines, satisfying stakeholders, or perhaps satisfying its own hubris. Regardless, this catastrophe serves to illustrate the negative implications of compliance, particularly as perpetuated through normative values. Organizational theorists, such as Ogbonna and Harris (1998) have set out to determine what behaviors within organizations evolve through genuine organic change and behaviors that evolve in response to deliberate actions taken by management via compliance. Their research indicates that efforts made by management to alter culture within an organization via compliance may prove successful, but not for a signal unified reason. In other words, an organization’s members may all buy-in to a behavioral modification or practice advocated by management, but for reasons that are unique to the individual members or groups of members within the organization. â€Å"Hence, a key implication of these findings is that managements attempting to alter culture should consider how multiple interpretations of the rationale for change influence the success of the change effort† (p. 284-285). Some changed in resigned compliance, some in authentic willingness, and some â€Å"cognitively accepted espoused values in order to further their careers† (p. 85-286). Management might benefit from this insight by carefully selecting which company practices or values they wish to indoctrinate employee with, particularly if such practices do not relate directly to tasks associated with production and instead relate to rules on how employees might govern themselves socially or culturally within an organization; if laun ching a new effort to encourage the valuing of X, perhaps it would be wise for management to seek employees’ input on why everyone should value X in order to determine whether a consensus on the promotion’s rationale exists. This will help ensure that all employees are not only helping to move the company in the same direction, but are doing so for the same or perhaps, intended, reasons. Culture of Tradition A culture of tradition within an organization consists of a subset of individual cultural traditions or â€Å"shared symbolic system[s] which function in interaction† (Parsons, 1961, p. 11). A culture of tradition is a culture that engender s its participants with values that center on traditional or historically patterns of interaction, patterns that have come to exist through repeated practice carried out by members of the organization. If an organization comes to value tradition, it could be inferred that such an organization will devalue or sanction behaviors that encourage or work in support of change, behaviors that we have come to know as organizational defenses or defensive routines. As Tyndall (2012) suggests, â€Å" defensive routines are rewarded by most organizational cultures because routines indicate a sense of caring and concern for people† (p. 13). Further, Tyndall suggests that routines are often protected by the same people who prefer that such routines not exist. Rather than expose detrimental cultural practices, organizations prefer to keep them hidden so as to prevent exposure and embarrassment (p. 13). For the purpose of this paper, let us assume that organizational identity and organizational culture are interconnected. Santos and Eisenhardt (2005) point out that â€Å"organizational identity helps members make sense of their situation by clarifying the defining attributes and purpose of the organization, thereby reducing ambiguity and providing direction† (p. 500). If an organization’s current culture, a culture of tradition, is borne out of circumstances from fifty years ago, it can be inferred that there will a disconnect or lack of alignment between the direction the organization needs to be going in and the direction it actually is going in. Santos and Eisenhardt go on to suggest that: Organizational members actively perform collective sensemaking (Weick 1995) through which they gain awareness of new information, share interpretations of prior actions, and converge on the meaning of environmental changes and appropriate courses of action. p. 500). Assuming that employees are constantly being exposed to new information, but are inhibited on how to make use of or capitalize on such information because of the existence of cultural constraints, it will not only discourage innovation within the organization, but will also stymie employee’s desire to exercise creativity and engage with the organization. Ultimately, an organization s hould work to align its identity, culture, and activities it carries out (p. 00), maintain traditions that to not impinge on efficacy of essential processes, and foster an environment that embraces conflict and change (Trist, 1981, p. 47). Complete Concrete Systems Parson’s (1951) defines a complete concrete system of social action as consisting of a social system, the personality systems of the individual actors involved, and the cultural system which is built into such actors actions (p. 5-6). A cultural or social system is stagnant, unless the elements included therein are carried out through practice and action via an action system (p. 17). He further elaborates: A social system consists in plurality of individual actors interacting with each other in a situation which has at least a physical or environmental aspect, actors who are motivated in terms of a tendency to the ‘optimization of gratification’ and whose relation to their situations, including each other, is defined and mediated in terms of a system of culturally structured and shared symbols. p. 5-6). Parsons emphasizes the need to consider these three elements independently, as no one can be further reduced or ignored in the context of the general theory of action systems. In short, Parsons wishes to draw attention to the interplay that exists between personality, culture, and the society in which these elements exist; one cannot consider personality without also considering the context in which it exists or has been cultivated. As an organization develops its sense of self, it might also come to recognize the types of personalities that it supports and the types of personalities that it prefers not to engage. Once an organization is able to identify the types of personalities it attracts or tends to hire, it might then explore the question of why it is that these personalities â€Å"fit† the organization; it may be that the personalities hired within an organization are in fact not working in favor of the organization’s larger mission, but instead reflect historical cultural practices that actually work against the organization. The more that an organization is able to hone in on the types of personalities, behaviors, and the types of individuals that it is best suited to hire or from which it would benefit the most, the better able it will be to refine the organization’s culture and overall defining character. This is not to suggest that an organization should attempt to hire one type of personality, but it is to suggest that an organization should attempt to identify the types of personalities best uited for particular work units, roles within such work units, and conceive of ways to encourage hiring, training, and evaluation practices, that foster the development of such individuals rather than inhibit them. Agents within an organization should be mindful of the personalities with which they interact, particularly when presenting ideas to or interacting with decision-makers. Framing ideas in ways that appeal to decision-makers could prove advantageous and foster productive discourse. Symbolism Symbolism, or symbolic systems of meaning, come into existence as individual social actors engage with social objects (Parsons, 1951, p. 10). An actor comes to expect or associate certain actions with particular results through practice. The dynamic relationship between actions and the associations one comes to assign to particular actions exists through communication that is both implicit and explicit across an organization. Like culture, symbols come to exist by observing or partaking in patterns of behavior; if I do X, Y happens, or on a more simple level, if I sit on X, X is a chair. These expectations form â€Å"pattern consistency† (Parsons, 1951, p. 10), or logical consistency that enable people to transmit information to one another in ways that can be easily understood, whether this transmission is intentional or unintentional. These transmissions deliver messages to the receiver and it is these messages that come to form symbols. For these reason, symbols are highly subjective and based on the perception of the message’s recipient. Organizations must be mindful of the role that symbolism has in shaping the culture of an organization. Eisenberger, Huntington, Hutchinson, & Sowa (1986) define perceived organizational support (POS) as â€Å"global beliefs about the extent to which the organization cares about [employees] well-being and values their contributions† (Fuller, Barnett, Hester, Relyea, 2003, p. 789). Research consistently shows that perceived organizational support (POS) is positively correlated with organizational commitment. In other words, the more an organization’s employees perceive themselves to be supported by an organization, the more likely it is that they will commit themselves to the organization and its mission. Further, when people perceive that their organization values and appreciates them, they interpret it symbolically to mean that the organization has respect for them or sees them as having a high status within their organization. Perceiving one’s self as having high status, Gardner & Pierce (1998) suggest, will likely encourage commitment to an organization; this encourages a person to believe themselves to be worthy of being an organizational member (Fuller, et al. , p. 790).