Postwer and Recent Higher eduction Research Paper

Postwer and Recent Higher eduction - Research Paper Example The best part of this period was the formation of Students for a Democratic civilization in Michigan which solely focused on schools being social agents and uplifting the society. Most of the student groups that were formed during this period focused on societal issues such as fighting racism, pushing for integration and calling for the halting of state-led education (Wechsler, 2007). One of the largest student strikes occurred in May and June of 1970 which was in response of the Kent State Shootings and when America invaded Cambodia. During the early 1980s numerous formal groups brought together neoliberal models of various student activism across the nation mostly from the campuses. The Campus Outreach Occasional League is credited for the identification and championing of the vast interests in service amongst the higher education students. Student activism also rose during the 1990s as the neoliberal population service policies were ushered in by Bill Clinton (Thelin, 2011). There was also the renaissance of populist student activism which was against standardized teaching and testing. They also pushed for radical changes to ensure their sustainability by pushing for leadership changes and education policy and

Analysis of Human Fossil Findings in Indonesia

Analysis of Human Fossil Findings in Indonesia Indonesia is an important country to examine about human origins and evolution, due to many sites within central Java, such as Sangiran and Ngandong which account for 75 percent of the world’s Homo erectus findings (Frederick Worden, 2011). Evolution of Homo sapiens in Indonesia has shown Indonesian archipelago was inhabited by Homo erectus, which were known as the â€Å"Java Man†, between 1.5 million years ago and resent as 35,000 years ago. About 800,000 years ago, some of the earliest hominids of the archipelago made tools, constructed boats, used fire, and had a language (Fredrick Worden, 2011). Furthermore, about 600,000 years ago, these hominids have developed a more complex and civilized culture which was dispersing throughout Indonesia (Fredrick Worden, 2011). Patterns of evolution started to form through hunting, fishing, and creating communities which depended on tools made of materials such as shell, wood, bamboo, and stone (Fredrick Worden, 2011). The most recent discoveries in human fossils, were in 2004 on the island of Flores, Indonesia, which is located between Bali and Timor. Flores, Indonesia is one of many Wallacean islands, which lie east of Wallaces Line and west of Lydekkers Line.Teams of archeologists found an entirely new type of hominid species at the Liang Bua excavation site, which has since been named Homo floresiensis. This type of hominid has been considered a new hominid type that had locally evolved, was a considerably smaller hominid, and was mixed between Homo erectus and modern humans (Fredrick Worden, 2011). Homo floresiensis was a dwarf human, which lived at Liang Bua between at least 95,000 and 13,000 years ago. The species was believed to have used stone tools, fire, and hunted small animals found on Flores (Foley, 2005). The newly found remains had a skull that appeared to belong to a hominine species, possibly belonging to a child considering its size, but once the remaining parts of its skull and teeth were found and they concluded it did not belong to a child, but an adult. The remains of this hominines partial skeleton was found and, the likes of which had never been discovered before.Today, this specimen is referred to as Liang Bua 1 (Smithsonian Institution, 2014). The earliest modern humans coexisted with their hominid relatives for thousands of years, although there is no evidence of this at Liang Bua (Fredrick Warden, 2011). Although Indonesia is extremely diverse ethnically, with more than 350 distinct ethnic groups that are recognized, along with 13 languages spoken by 1 million speakers (Fredrick Warden, 2011). Human immigration to the islands of Indonesia occurred as long ago as 3000BC, and was continuous for about 3000 years. People immigrated to Indonesia in small groups and established independent civilizations all around the coast, occasionally coexisting with the hostile descendants of â€Å"Java Man† (Frederick Worden, 2011). In the next several millennia Indonesia developed cultural characteristics that still exist today such as rice agriculture, ceramic and metal technology and the expansion of long distance seal travel and trade. Earlier inhabitants used horticultural economy in which they grew cereals, created pottery and stone tools during the period 2500 to 500 B.C (Glasscase, 2011). During the period between 500 B.C. and A.D. 500, as the people of the archipelago increasingly interacted with South and East Asia, metals and domesticated farm animals were introduced (Glasscase, 2011). The Dongson culture, which originated in Vietnam and southern China around 1000 BC, spread to Indonesia, bringing irrigated rice growing techniques, husbandry skills; buffalo sacrifice rituals, bronze casting, the custom of erecting megaliths, and ikat weaving methods. By 700 BC, Indonesia was dotted with permanent villages where life was linked to rice production (Lonely Planet, 2014). These early settlers were animists, believing all objects had a life force or soul. The spirits of the dead had to be honored, as they could still help the living and influence natural events, while evil spirits had to be warded off with offerings and ceremonies. As there was a belief in the afterlife, weapons and utensils were left in tombs for use in the next world. By the 1st century AD, small kingdoms, were little more than collections of villages with a leader, which evolved from Java (Lonely Planet, 2014). The island’s constant hot temperature, abundant rainfall and volcanic soil were ideal for wet field rice cultivation. The organization this required may explain why the Javanese developed a seemingly more successful society than the other islands. It is not certain how Hinduism and Buddhism arrived in Indonesia. The oldest works of Hindu art in Indonesia were found in Sulawesi and Sumatra in 3rd century AD (Fredrick Worden, 1992). One theory suggests that the developing courts invited Brahman priests from India to watch over on spiritual and ritual sacrifices, thereby providing status to those in control (Fredrick and Worden, 1992). In earlier kingdoms, the Hindu-Buddhist kingdom of Sriwijaya rose in Sumatra (an Indonesian island) during the 7th century AD (Lonely Planet, 2014). It was the first major Indonesian sea power able to control the trade in Southeast Asia by being located on the Strait of Melaka. The Buddhist Sailendra dynasty and the Hindu Mataram dynasty flourished in Central Java (the largest Indonesian island) between the 8th and 10th centuries (Lonely Planet, 2014). While Sriwijaya’s wealth came from trade, Javanese kingdoms like Mataram had human labor at their disposal and developed as agrarian societies. At the end of the 10th century, the Mataram kingdom declined. The centre of power shifted from Central to East Java and it was a period when Hinduism and Buddhism were united and when Javanese culture began to come into its own (Pearson Education, 2000-2014). A series of kingdoms held until the 1294 rise of the Majapahit kingdom, which grew during the reign of Hayam Wuruk from 1350 to 1389 (Pearson Education, 2000-2014). Its territorial expansion can be credited to military commander Gajah Mada, who helped the kingdom claim control over the archipelago, claiming power over smaller kingdoms and obtaining trading rights from them. After Hayam Wuruk’s death in 1389, the kingdom began a steady decline (Pearson Education, 2000-2014). The first Islamic inscriptions found in Indonesia date from the 11th century. Islam first took hold in northern Sumatra,(a western Indonesian island) where Arab traders had settled by the 13th century. From the 15th and 16th centuries, Indonesian rulers made Islam the state religion. By the 15th century, the trading kingdom of Melaka (a small Malaysian state) was reaching the height of its power and had embraced Islam (Lonely Planet, 2014). Its influence strengthened the spread of Islam through the archipelago. By the time of the collapse of the Majapahit kingdom (based on the island of Java) in the early 1500s, many of its satellite kingdoms had already declared themselves independent Islamic states (Lonely Planet, 2014). Much of their wealth came from trading spices, and Islam followed the trade routes across the archipelago. By the end of the 16th century, a new sea power had emerged on Sulawesi, which had been settled by Malay traders and whose realm spread far beyond the region (Lonely Planet, 2014). Beginning in 1602, the Dutch slowly established themselves as rulers of Indonesia and eventually laid the foundation of the Indonesian state, by taking advantage of the weakness of the small kingdoms that had replaced that of Majapahit (Pearson Education, 2000-2014). During 300 years of rule, the Dutch developed the Netherlands East Indies into one of the worlds richest colonial possessions, extracting natural resources through local elites but doing little to modernize Indonesia. By the end of the Dutch rule and after many wars and lives taken, the Indonesian people wanted to stand alone and become united. The Indonesian people started to receive a Dutch education for the children of the Indonesian elite, and with that came Western political ideas of freedom and democracy (Lonely Planet, 2014). However, the first ideas of Indonesian nationalism came from Islamic movements. Despite Dutch repression, the nationalist movement found a unified voice. In a historic announcement in 1928, the All Indonesia Youth Congress proclaimed it’s Youth Pledge, adopting the notions of one national identity, one country and one language (Lonely Planet, 2014). The battle for independence wavered between warfare and diplomacy. Under the Linggarjati Agreement of November 1946, the Dutch recognized the Republican government and both sides agreed to work towards an Indonesian federation under a Dutch commonwealth (Pearson Education, 2000-2014). The agreement was soon swept aside as war escalated. The Dutch mounted a large offensive in July 1947, causing the United Nations to step in (Pearson Education, 2000-2014). In February 1948 the Dutch launched another attack on the Republicans, breaking the United Nations agreement. Under pressure from the United States, which threatened to withdraw its postwar aid to the Netherlands, the Dutch negotiated for independence. On December 27, 1949 the Indonesian flag was raised at Jakarta’s Istana Merdeka, and power was officially handed over (Pearson Education, 2000-2014). References Foley, J. (2005, April 01).  Homo floresiensis: The hobbit. Retrieved from http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/flores.html Frederick, W., Worden, R. (1992). Early Indonesia. Retrieved from http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Indones.html Frederick, W., Worden, R. (2011).  Indonesia a country study. (6thed.). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Glasscase, F. (2011, June 01). Indonesia uncovered: Prehistoric indonesia. Retrieved from http://indonesiauncovered.blogspot.com/2011/06/prehistoric-indonesia.html Lonely Planet. (2014). History of Indonesia. Retrieved from http://www.lonelyplanet.com/indonesia/history ONeil, D. (1999).  Homo erectus. Retrieved from http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo/homo_2.htm Pearson Education. (2000-2014). Indonesia. Retrieved from http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0107634.html Prof. Palmer, Soc.3597.01, January 2014. Smithsonian Institution. (2014, January 27).  Hobbits on flores, Indonesia. Retrieved from http://humanorigins.si.edu/research/asian-research/hobbits

Finding the Truth in the Situation Essay examples -- Literary Analysis

William Shakespeare has yet again created a world of good and evil. In his work Othello, the ideals and principles of this world are just like any other with a twist brought upon by two characters, Othello and Iago. These two characters along with many others employ the central idea of what good and evil entails. However, neither Othello nor Iago possess just one of these traits. Othello is not just the pure perfect guy he is perceived to be and Iago is not just the evil vindictive character he is believed to be but rather both of these men are far more interesting than that. They both have the necessary qualities that get them through life and potentially threaten their lives. Through their actions and interactions with the other characters that they really are is shown. Othello seems to have a really rough time finding the truth in people. The reasoning behind this is simply the way he acts around people. Although Othello is a cultural and racial outsider in Venice, his skill as a soldier and leader is nevertheless valuable and necessary. He is after all a man in high power and is respected for that simple fact. Essentially, the first impact that is made upon the reader of Othello is not one of high quality. He was called many names of which had to do mostly with his racial background some of these names include â€Å"the Moor† (I.i.57), â€Å"an old black ram† (I.i.88), and â€Å"a Barbary horse† (I.i.113). The two characters that begin the cruel introduction of Othello are two trusted comrades, one being Iago. Right from the start, Iago already begins the demise of Othello. Now since Othello made this decision to trust and simply see the good in everyone rather than the truth in everyone his life got turned upside down and st arted to take ... ...re. He is like a chameleon, loves the attention he receives when entering a room, yet he can blend in with the crowd when need be. No one could ever see the real Iago because he never let anyone, even his wife Emilia, know the real him. Both Othello and Iago have many different qualities but the ones that are the same are what proves the point of them not just simply being two sides of one coin. Othello had many weaknesses and Iago plays off every single one of them, the â€Å"hellish villain†(V, ii, 354) that Iago is killed every living ounce that was left in Othello, and once the truth came to the surface, Othello only wished he could awaken and â€Å"arise, black vengeance, from the hollow hell† (III, iii, 507). The fact that Iago had â€Å"ensnared [Othello’s] soul and body† (V, ii, 354) made Othello believe that â€Å"honesty’s a fool† (III, iii, 436) and his life was over.

Paschal Mystery

Gabrielle Murabito Brother Jim, S. A. C. New Testament 9 April 2013 Paschal Mystery Essay God had a wonderful plan for everything He created for all things that exist. The Paschal Mystery is Christ work of redemption through His Passion, death, Resurrection, Ascension, and Pentecost. The term Paschal mystery comes from the Pasch, which is the Passover event of the Exodus. God sent the ancient Hebrews from slavery and death in Egypt, so Jesus could save us from original sin and eternal death. God the Father sent His Son to rescue all humanity.His Son did this by dying for the whole world. He willingly offered himself for the salvation through His suffering, death, Resurrection, Ascension, and Pentecost. Christians call it the Paschal Mystery because we celebrate this in the sacrament of Eucharist. Eucharist represents Christ’s body and that was given to His followers on the Last Supper. It is all meant to show God’s love and Jesus’ suffering. Jesus redeemed himsel f through His passion, death, Resurrection, Ascension, and Pentecost.Jesus’ passion is He, Himself, suffering through and eventually dying on the cross. In Mark 14:58, the footnote 14:38 states that â€Å"Everyone is faced with this struggle, the full force of which Jesus is accepted on our behalf and, through his bitter passion and death, achieved the victory†. Jesus accepted His passion when He accepted His cross and out of His own free will, died for us. Jesus’ death only lasted 3 hours. When others got crucified, it lasted days.Jesus was mocked until His death, beaten many times, had to carry His own cross, and when He was put on the cross, He eventually died from suffocation because He had too much fluid in His lungs from hanging. His death was very painful but He did it for all of us. In Mark 15:39, it says, â€Å"When the centurion who stood facing Him saw how He breathed his last he said, Truly this man was the Son of God! †. His death proved to e veryone that He, Jesus was the Son of God. On the third day, Jesus resurrected.Many did not believe, they were afraid. His resurrection changed Him physical. He was no longer the same. Jesus could walk through walls but could still be able to eat and touch people. His resurrection also proved that He was the Son of God. â€Å"So then the Lord Jesus, after he spoke to them, was taken up into heaven and took his seat at the right hand of God. † Mark 16:19, explains the Ascension of Jesus. He ascended into heaven in His resurrected body. This proves that all humanity is taken into heaven.Jesus mission on earth has been accomplished and will return again someday. On the fifteenth day following Easter when the Holy Spirit is made present, given, and communicated as divine Person of the Trinity. Pentecost is an event when the Apostles and Disciples were in the upper room and the Holy Spirit came upon. â€Å"The Holy Spirit gave them abilities. † This event marked the beginni ng of the manifestation of the gifts and fruits of the Spirit. Now, Jesus’ mission will be completed through others. Jesus, the redeemer, saved the whole world from sin.

Overcoming Defense Mechanisms Essay

Practical implications of each term are included for the benefit of organizations interested in applying theory in practice. Key words: organizational cohesion, action systems, compliance, culture of tradition, complete concrete systems, and symbolism Organizational Cohesion According to Etzioni (1961), cohesion can be defined as a positive expressive relationship among two or more actors that can reinforce negative and positive norms (p. ). He further differentiates cohesion bonds between persons of the same rank, peer cohesion, and cohesion bonds between persons of different ranks, hierarchical cohesion. The degree to which peer cohesion exists within an organization can determine how readily norms that are held by the majority of a given group or held by the most influential persons within a group will be accepted by the remaining group participants. In other words, peer cohesion dictates the degree to which actors within a given group are likely to mimic or adopt each other’s behavior and/or values. It has also been suggested by Homans (1951), that there is a direct correlation between the frequency and endurance of interaction within a group and the level of a group’s cohesiveness. In other words, the more group participants interact, the more likely it is that they will adopt each other’s mannerisms, outlooks, or orientations toward the larger group of which they are a part (Etzioni, 1961, p. 290). Assuming that norms that are beneficial to a particular organization are being fostered via peer ohesion, such as intra-team cooperation, the net effect could be a highly productive work environment with low employee turnover. Etzioni’s research implies that organizations with high peer cohesion tend to have low employee turnover, which reduces costs involved with recruiting and socializing new employees, knowledge capture, and maintaining daily work routines. However, it is important to note that cohesion can reinforce both negative and positive norms, which is to say behaviors that alienate an employee from an organization as well as behaviors that reinforce one’s commitment to an organization (p. 80 ). Reagans and McEvily (2003) suggest that cohesion, specifically social cohesion, influences the willingness of individuals to devote time and effort to assisting others within a given group, in addition to serving as a motivator to transfer knowledge to a coworker or colleague (p. 245). Ultimately, cohesion within an organizational group, can encourage a â€Å"you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours† effect that can encourage knowledge exchange across employees and reduce direct peer-to-peer or intra-departmental competition amongst employees (Reagan & McEvily, 2003, p. 245). In other words, â€Å"by limiting competition, social cohesion promotes knowledge transfer,† which is an essential component of a learning and innovative organization (Reagans & McEvily, 2003, p. 247). Although organizational cohesion can foster â€Å"exchange relationships that build commitment† (Tyndall, 2012, p. 3), it is essential that organizational leaders recognize tipping points wherein too much cohesion could increase group-think and inhibit innovation, performance, and potentially disrupt a work-group’s alignment with the overall organization’s values, should a given group’s norms contradict such values (p. ). Where possible, organizational leaders might assess the power that cohesiveness has within their organization, identify the source of cohesiveness, be it an agent of the organization or the organization itself, and take the necessary action to either encourage or discourage the cohesiveness, depending on whether it currently work s in favor of the organization or to its detriment. Action Systems An action system embodies a collective effort to attain a single goal, as executed by interdependent work units’ processes, tasks, and functions. To attain its goal as a unit, a social action system adopts a structure and a process for organizing member activities† (De Ven, 1976, p. 25). An action system is a term used to describe a system that produces an output only if the necessary actions are completed by the appropriate parties throughout the entire production process-placing emphasis on the relationship that exists between actions and the larger task they accomplish. The existence of this term serves to illustrate a theoretical shift away from focusing on work units or groups and a shift toward focusing on the individual job holders’ roles within the larger group, analogous to speaking in of terms of cogs within a machine (Tyndall, 2012, p. 3). As Parsons (1951) has noted, â€Å"acts do not occur singly and discretely, they are organized in systems† (p. 7). Simply put, an action system is made up of two components: the actor and his situation (p. 7). By speaking in terms of action systems, the theorist or manager hopes to identify all factors that affect these two components in the name of achieving their end objective, be it decreasing production error and lags, and increasing production successes (non-defective output) or any combination thereof. The more an organization can identify all variables, resources, and actions required at each phase of production, the more it can regulate and manage them. â€Å"Resources and information flows are the basic elements of activity in organized forms of behavior† (De Ven, 1976, p. 25). If, for example, an actor works in reception at a doctor’s office, he/she might require a computer, medical forms, chairs for patients, clipboards, pens, etc. By tracking usage and resource requirements over an extended period of time, records might reveal that there are too many patients or too few chairs in the waiting area at any given time. Identifying this fail point will serve as a signal to the organization to either increase the number of chairs in the office, increase the number of business hours (to spread out patients), add a second partner, expand to a second location, or some other alternative. Total Quality Management, Lean Six Sigma, and Demings 14-Points of Quality are all examples of how organizations have provided structure to these very practices (Tyndall, 2012, p. 16-18) Just as an organization can identify, measure, and manage tangible resources along each stage of an action system, so too can an organization identify and measure intangible factors that influence workers orientation toward the organization and their assigned tasks. By understanding a worker’s motivation for being on the ob, an organization will be better equipped to frame that employee’s work and performance evaluation in such a way that will encourage the worker to achieve higher levels of performance. By structuring job functions in ways that directly attach task ownership to individual job holders, an organization can increase the accountability for that employee, and increase the likelihood of their experiencing satisfaction upon completely their assigned task –due to the ta sk’s proximity to its â€Å"owner† (Tyndall, 2012, p. 8). Forward-thinking and adaptable organizations will encourage transparency and two-way feedback between management and those who are managed. For this reason, it would be wise for organizations to seek input from employees when identifying areas of process improvement within action systems, share successes across the organization, and openly value collaboration between groups and collegiality within groups (Trist, 1981, p. 43, 57, & 49). Compliance Etzioni (1961) defines compliance as â€Å"a relationship consisting of the power employed by supervisors to control subordinates and the orientation of subordinates to this power† (p. xiii). Sciulli and Etzioni (1996) identify three sources of compliance: coercion, economic or pecuniary incentives, and normative values (p. 137). This interplay between the governors and the governed directly influences how an organization will function and be perceived by internal and external stakeholders. Further, the dynamic between these two parties sheds light on where power, and specifically the power to make change, resides within an organization. As was exemplified in The Challenger Disaster, the extent to which an organization’s members recognize when it is necessary to comply and when it is necessary to break from routine impinges on an organization’s ability to adapt and respond to catastrophic events: Argyris’s (1990) analysis of The Challenger Disaster brought to light the following: The problems were not only in the structure, rules, and independent monitoring devices. The problems also were that highly committed, well-intentioned, safety-oriented, can-do players reasoned and acted in ways that violated their own standards and made certain that this violation was covered up and that the cover-up was covered up. (p. 42). One could argue that NASA’s employees ignored their respective ethical instincts and instead complied with that of the organization, NASA: an unspoken practice of ignoring unsettling information in the name of making deadlines, satisfying stakeholders, or perhaps satisfying its own hubris. Regardless, this catastrophe serves to illustrate the negative implications of compliance, particularly as perpetuated through normative values. Organizational theorists, such as Ogbonna and Harris (1998) have set out to determine what behaviors within organizations evolve through genuine organic change and behaviors that evolve in response to deliberate actions taken by management via compliance. Their research indicates that efforts made by management to alter culture within an organization via compliance may prove successful, but not for a signal unified reason. In other words, an organization’s members may all buy-in to a behavioral modification or practice advocated by management, but for reasons that are unique to the individual members or groups of members within the organization. â€Å"Hence, a key implication of these findings is that managements attempting to alter culture should consider how multiple interpretations of the rationale for change influence the success of the change effort† (p. 284-285). Some changed in resigned compliance, some in authentic willingness, and some â€Å"cognitively accepted espoused values in order to further their careers† (p. 85-286). Management might benefit from this insight by carefully selecting which company practices or values they wish to indoctrinate employee with, particularly if such practices do not relate directly to tasks associated with production and instead relate to rules on how employees might govern themselves socially or culturally within an organization; if laun ching a new effort to encourage the valuing of X, perhaps it would be wise for management to seek employees’ input on why everyone should value X in order to determine whether a consensus on the promotion’s rationale exists. This will help ensure that all employees are not only helping to move the company in the same direction, but are doing so for the same or perhaps, intended, reasons. Culture of Tradition A culture of tradition within an organization consists of a subset of individual cultural traditions or â€Å"shared symbolic system[s] which function in interaction† (Parsons, 1961, p. 11). A culture of tradition is a culture that engender s its participants with values that center on traditional or historically patterns of interaction, patterns that have come to exist through repeated practice carried out by members of the organization. If an organization comes to value tradition, it could be inferred that such an organization will devalue or sanction behaviors that encourage or work in support of change, behaviors that we have come to know as organizational defenses or defensive routines. As Tyndall (2012) suggests, â€Å" defensive routines are rewarded by most organizational cultures because routines indicate a sense of caring and concern for people† (p. 13). Further, Tyndall suggests that routines are often protected by the same people who prefer that such routines not exist. Rather than expose detrimental cultural practices, organizations prefer to keep them hidden so as to prevent exposure and embarrassment (p. 13). For the purpose of this paper, let us assume that organizational identity and organizational culture are interconnected. Santos and Eisenhardt (2005) point out that â€Å"organizational identity helps members make sense of their situation by clarifying the defining attributes and purpose of the organization, thereby reducing ambiguity and providing direction† (p. 500). If an organization’s current culture, a culture of tradition, is borne out of circumstances from fifty years ago, it can be inferred that there will a disconnect or lack of alignment between the direction the organization needs to be going in and the direction it actually is going in. Santos and Eisenhardt go on to suggest that: Organizational members actively perform collective sensemaking (Weick 1995) through which they gain awareness of new information, share interpretations of prior actions, and converge on the meaning of environmental changes and appropriate courses of action. p. 500). Assuming that employees are constantly being exposed to new information, but are inhibited on how to make use of or capitalize on such information because of the existence of cultural constraints, it will not only discourage innovation within the organization, but will also stymie employee’s desire to exercise creativity and engage with the organization. Ultimately, an organization s hould work to align its identity, culture, and activities it carries out (p. 00), maintain traditions that to not impinge on efficacy of essential processes, and foster an environment that embraces conflict and change (Trist, 1981, p. 47). Complete Concrete Systems Parson’s (1951) defines a complete concrete system of social action as consisting of a social system, the personality systems of the individual actors involved, and the cultural system which is built into such actors actions (p. 5-6). A cultural or social system is stagnant, unless the elements included therein are carried out through practice and action via an action system (p. 17). He further elaborates: A social system consists in plurality of individual actors interacting with each other in a situation which has at least a physical or environmental aspect, actors who are motivated in terms of a tendency to the ‘optimization of gratification’ and whose relation to their situations, including each other, is defined and mediated in terms of a system of culturally structured and shared symbols. p. 5-6). Parsons emphasizes the need to consider these three elements independently, as no one can be further reduced or ignored in the context of the general theory of action systems. In short, Parsons wishes to draw attention to the interplay that exists between personality, culture, and the society in which these elements exist; one cannot consider personality without also considering the context in which it exists or has been cultivated. As an organization develops its sense of self, it might also come to recognize the types of personalities that it supports and the types of personalities that it prefers not to engage. Once an organization is able to identify the types of personalities it attracts or tends to hire, it might then explore the question of why it is that these personalities â€Å"fit† the organization; it may be that the personalities hired within an organization are in fact not working in favor of the organization’s larger mission, but instead reflect historical cultural practices that actually work against the organization. The more that an organization is able to hone in on the types of personalities, behaviors, and the types of individuals that it is best suited to hire or from which it would benefit the most, the better able it will be to refine the organization’s culture and overall defining character. This is not to suggest that an organization should attempt to hire one type of personality, but it is to suggest that an organization should attempt to identify the types of personalities best uited for particular work units, roles within such work units, and conceive of ways to encourage hiring, training, and evaluation practices, that foster the development of such individuals rather than inhibit them. Agents within an organization should be mindful of the personalities with which they interact, particularly when presenting ideas to or interacting with decision-makers. Framing ideas in ways that appeal to decision-makers could prove advantageous and foster productive discourse. Symbolism Symbolism, or symbolic systems of meaning, come into existence as individual social actors engage with social objects (Parsons, 1951, p. 10). An actor comes to expect or associate certain actions with particular results through practice. The dynamic relationship between actions and the associations one comes to assign to particular actions exists through communication that is both implicit and explicit across an organization. Like culture, symbols come to exist by observing or partaking in patterns of behavior; if I do X, Y happens, or on a more simple level, if I sit on X, X is a chair. These expectations form â€Å"pattern consistency† (Parsons, 1951, p. 10), or logical consistency that enable people to transmit information to one another in ways that can be easily understood, whether this transmission is intentional or unintentional. These transmissions deliver messages to the receiver and it is these messages that come to form symbols. For these reason, symbols are highly subjective and based on the perception of the message’s recipient. Organizations must be mindful of the role that symbolism has in shaping the culture of an organization. Eisenberger, Huntington, Hutchinson, & Sowa (1986) define perceived organizational support (POS) as â€Å"global beliefs about the extent to which the organization cares about [employees] well-being and values their contributions† (Fuller, Barnett, Hester, Relyea, 2003, p. 789). Research consistently shows that perceived organizational support (POS) is positively correlated with organizational commitment. In other words, the more an organization’s employees perceive themselves to be supported by an organization, the more likely it is that they will commit themselves to the organization and its mission. Further, when people perceive that their organization values and appreciates them, they interpret it symbolically to mean that the organization has respect for them or sees them as having a high status within their organization. Perceiving one’s self as having high status, Gardner & Pierce (1998) suggest, will likely encourage commitment to an organization; this encourages a person to believe themselves to be worthy of being an organizational member (Fuller, et al. , p. 790).

The Red Badge of Courage Book Summary

The Red Badge of Courage Book Summary The Red Badge of Courage was published by D. Appleton and Company in 1895, about thirty years after the Civil War ended. Author Born in 1871, Stephen Crane was in his early twenties when he moved to New York City to work for the New York Tribune. He was apparently fascinated and influenced by the people he observed living in the gritty art scene as well in the poverty-filled tenement housing. He is credited with being influential among the early American Naturalist writers. In his two major works, The Red Badge of Courage and Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, Cranes characters experience internal conflict and outside forces that overwhelm the individual. Setting The scenes take place in the fields and roads of the American South, as a Union regiment wanders through Confederate territory and encounters the enemy on the battlefield. In opening scenes, the soldiers wake slowly and seem to long for action. The author uses words like lazy, quaint, and retiring, to set the tranquil scene, and one soldier claims, Ive got ready to move eight times in the last two weeks, and we aint moved yet. This initial tranquility provides a sharp contrast to the harsh reality that the characters experience on the bloody battlefield in chapters to come. Main Characters Henry Fleming, the main character ( the protagonist). He undergoes the most change in the story, going from a cocky, romantic young man eager to experience the glory of war to a seasoned soldier who sees war as messy and tragic. Jim Conklin, a soldier who dies in an early battle. Jims death forces Henry to face his own lack of courage and reminds Jim of the stark reality of war. Wilson, a mouthy soldier who cares for Jim when he is wounded. Jim and Wilson seem to grow and learn together in battle. The wounded, tattered soldier, whose nagging presence forces Jim to face his own guilty conscience. Plot Henry Fleming begins as a naive young man, eager to experience the glory of war. He soon faces the truth about war and his own self-identity on the battlefield, however. As the first encounter with the enemy approaches, Henry wonders if he will be brave in the face of battle. In fact, Henry does panic and flee in an early encounter. This experience sets him on a journey of self-discovery, as he struggles with his conscience and re-examines his opinions about war, friendship, courage, and life. Although Henry fled during that early experience, he did return to the battle, and he escapes condemnation because of the confusion on the ground. He ultimately overcomes the fear and takes part in courageous acts.   Henry grows as a person by gaining a better understanding of the realities of war.   Questions to Ponder Think about these questions and points as you read the book. They will help you determine a theme and develop a strong thesis. Examine the theme of inner versus outer turmoil: What role does Henrys conscience play?What does Henry learn from each soldiers death? Examine male and female roles: What role does Henrys mother play?What does this novel suggest about our concepts of masculinity and courage? What does this novel suggest about our concepts of war? Possible First Sentences Sometimes, we have to come face to face with our fears to learn something about ourselves.Have you ever been really afraid?The Red Badge of Courage, by Stephen Crane, is a story about growing up.What is bravery? Sources: Caleb, C. (2014, Jun 30). The red and the scarlet.  The New Yorker,  90. Davis, Linda H. 1998.  Badge of Courage: The Life of Stephan Crane. New York: Mifflin.

Sociology Reflection Paper

Sociology Reflection Paper The sociology of religion is the study of how different sets of people in religious groups interact and how their behavior is influenced by these interactions. People’s religious practices, norms and behavior are influenced by interactions they have with each other in their religious groups.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology Reflection Paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Religion is a collective set of beliefs and practices with a spiritual foundation meant to influence people’s perceptions and behaviors. People who share similar religious ideals have collective behavior which identifies them as followers of that specific religious group. They have strong ties to fellow devotees in their religious groups. These beliefs strengthen people’s adherence to religious doctrines which define the essence of a religion. Followers of a religious group have common ways of interaction which bind th em together. They are required to perform specific roles which determine their status and power in their religious groups. They have faith in religious teachings which are strongly emphasized as sacred. Religions has a set of beliefs and practices which all members need to adhere to. Followers of different religions have to be familiar with sacred texts which spell out beliefs and their relevance. They need to satisfy various expectations by performing religious rituals and other activities which have a lot of spiritual symbolism. Members of a particular religious group are socialized to treasure various moral codes of conduct in their lives. By fulfilling moral objectives, members satisfy important tenets of their religion. The sacred aspects of religion make people interpret extra ordinary experiences differently. Any extra ordinary event is associated with a revered form of supernatural power or deity.They believe that a supernatural power guides their lives and as such, they nee d to reciprocate by devoting by their lives to the religious order they believe in. Religious sociology is important because it helps people understand the value of religion in their lives. This makes one understand the essence of religion and how it shapes human character, identity and personality. People devote their thoughts and emotions to their religion for various reasons. Therefore, this helps one understand how religion binds members of a particular society to enable them have collective practices and beliefs. People are able to understand the relationship they have with their religion and how this contributes to their existence. They are able to look at various rituals, practices and teachings rationally. This helps them understand how these religious tenets build their faith. The sociology of religion makes one to look critically at religious rituals which bind him or her with other devotees. The devotee is able to understand how these interactions shape their personality and behavior.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This subject helps a person understand the moral implications he needs to satisfy as stipulated by his or her religion. Therefore, this models an individual’s behavior to conform to acceptable societal norms and standards of behavior. Religious affiliation makes people more aware of their identity and the roles they are supposed to play within a given society. Interactions people have with each other in a particular religious group gives them a sense of belonging and identity. General beliefs which bind people within various religious groups help them focus on life and what they seek to achieve out of it. Sacred texts enable believers interpret the teachings contained therein and apply them in their own lives. Sacred texts reassure people to be more righteous in what they do to reduce their pre-occupation with materi al objects. The Rational Choice Theory argues that people are motivated by their own self interests before they choose to perform certain actions. Therefore, natural human behavior inclines people to engage in activities which have material or psychological benefits. The theory argues that people who choose to observe religious doctrines are motivated by their own individual needs. They expect to benefit from their devotion to religion by improvements in their personal welfare. This theory argues that people are rational beings who only engage in an action after assessing benefits they stand to gain. Individual human actions determine how people in a group interact with each other. Different life experiences shape human behavior and they impact on choices people make. Therefore, people make personal religious decisions based on their past experiences after assessing how these choices will work for them. This theory asserts that people opt for religious choices which give them person al satisfaction. They evaluate results they intend to achieve and come up with ways to attain them. The theory argues that human behavior is planned and this makes every individual calculate rewards and losses likely to be experienced before engaging in a particular action. People prefer to engage in actions that are naturally rewarding over those that punish them. Therefore, they are willing to devote themselves to religion to gain protection, consolation and future promises of personal prosperity. Human consciousness drives them into religion to gain recognition, status, social connections and money. This is made possible by interactions they have with other devotees who have similar aspirations. Therefore, by being active in religion, devotees achieve their own personal interests.

Essay on Sports Management

Essay on Sports Management Essay on Sports Management Example essay on Sports Management: Gymnastics is a sporting event that does involve various performances that require a lot of physical strength, agility, coordination, balance and flexibility. There are various forms of gymnastics and these include the following; artistic gymnastics which is the best known form of gymnastics and is practiced by both men and women. It is divided into both the men’s categories that involve activities such as floor exercise, sill rings, vault, parallel bars, high bar, pommel horse and the vault and the women’s categories involve competition in vault, balance beam and uneven bars although women have been known to adequately compete in all the men’s categories in countries such as Russia early in the 1950’s. Another type of gymnastic is the rhythmic gymnastic which is mainly for women and does involve a combination of various elements such as ballet, dance, gymnastics and even apparatus manipulation. The performers are usually allowed the use of five apparatus of their choice and these apparatus may constitute a ball, hoop, clubs, rope and even the floor. It is currently not available for women but plans are underway to ensure that even men will have their own form of artistic gymnastics. Acrobatic gymnastics on the other hand is a discipline that is carried out by both men and women and it involves a group of three to four individuals that may be mixed in terms of gender performing various routines using their head, feet and even the hands of their various partners. Other forms of gymnastics include the tramp lining and tumbling that may be individualistic, double mini, power tumbling and even synchronized. There are also the team, aerobics and display gymnastics that actually mean exactly what the name spells. Gymnastics has its origins in the exercises that were performed by the ancient Greeks that entailed skills such as mounting and dismounting a horse, circuses and even ski ll display. As of today gymnastics can be performed by children as young as five years old who mainly participate in what is called kinder gym to even world class athletes. All sports of gymnastics have a body that governs them and this body is called the Fà ©dà ©ration Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) which was formed in 1881. All the other sub bodies that govern gymnastic practices in various countries are governed by the FIG. The competition for which I have been selected for involves rhythmic gymnastic that is to take place on the 18th of December 2011 and it is called the Annual Illinois Gymnastic Challenge. This will be a competition for young athletes who are of the age bracket of fifteen to twenty that is to take place in the Illinois auditorium from around 8.00am to 6.00pm. There will be five schools that have confirmed their teams’ participation in this event. The other three have not submitted their confirmation just yet and the possibilities of them confirming their attendance and participation is not known. This means that there will be about twenty five ladies participating in the tournament as each team is expected to have at least 4 team members and substitutes. The major reason for my interest in this opportunity is because first and foremost gymnastics is a very rare sport and apart from a need to learn more about the sport and be able to attend to any casualty that may occur during the tournament; I would also love to have make sure that the participants in this event have assured healthcare provision during the whole event. Secondly; this is my chance to display my skill, ability and prowess and this opportunity has presented itself and the reason why I have been selected is because they believe that I am able and suitable for the job and thus I will not let it pass. It is a huge opportunity that will go a very long way in defining my career as this is a very major sporting event and I decide to take it up. According to statistics, at least 100 000 gymnastic injuries are normally treated in hospitals, clinics, healthcare facilities and emergency rooms in the United States of America. In do not want any major injuries to occur in this event that would lead to constitute this statistics and that is the reason why I decided to take up the chance to be able to help whenever I can. My team will ensure that by all means all the casualties that will occur will be ad dressed immediately. Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport that has been coherent in Illinois for about 3 years and thus it is not new to them. Most of the population here has a lot of knowledge about the sport and they allow their children to indulge in it as a hobby as well as for professional reasons. The number of ladies that participate in this sport each year is about fifty. Different age groups from five years normally compete in various gymnastic events at different times of the year. There have been occasional casualties reported over the year, with the most serious being in the year 2009 when of the lady participants lost balance during her acrobatic performance and fell on the ground and broke her ankle. Apart from this major injury; the rest have just been minor such as a twisted ankle, an injured arm, a bruise and a cut here and there. These are very minor casualties that have always been treated and there has never been a need to rush any participant to the hospital. Most of the schools that have their teams participating in this competition have very professional coaches who have trained in rhythmic gymnastics over the years and they have trained their team members very well on the safety measures that should be taken before and after the vent. Secondly, this auditorium has been used over the last three years that this sport has been held here. But we did not just assume that since it has always been used; it is safe. Safety measures have been put into place to ensure that all the participants are safe before, during and even after the tournament. All the equipments have been duly inspected and so far we have ensured that they are all safe and none at all is a health hazard. Replacement of the old equipments may have cost us more than we had anticipated spending in this event but it is all aimed at the benefit of all. We do not want to report any injuries and thus we have to take very tight health measures and also be on stand by just incase our help will be needed. The schools that have their teams participating in the tournament have ensured that they have renewed their health cover insurance with the various hospitals for each and every participant. This basically means that in case of a very major casualty that we really don’t anticipate does happen, all the cost at the hospital will be covered by the insurance parties in business with the school. My team will consist of six members. They are four gentlemen and two ladies. The reason why I chose four men is because I will definitely need the muscle power incase of any emergency. I think all of them will be on call because I will really need them. We will get our equipment and supplies from the Illinois Community Hospital which is about 100 meters from the auditorium. The reason why we chose this hospital is because it is very close to the auditorium and secondly it is where we contracted to take any of our emergency cases. The other necessities we will get from the various chemists and pharmacies nearby. After considering all the equipments, supplies and even the labor cost that would be used in the whole project; our approximate budget was 190 000 US Dollars. This is because each of my team members expects to take home an amount of US Dollars 20, 000. For all the equipments, supplies, casual laborers will be about US Dollars 40, 000 and then I would pay myself an amount of US Dollars 30, 000. The reason why I have stated such a large amount for my team members and It is because this may just be a single day’s work but it is going to be very demanding, tiring and consuming and after a long tiring day’s work, we will need a reward. So we practically have about one and a half weeks to put everything in order, ensure that all my team members will be available and fit for the job and basically to put my house in order. I am very positive that by the end of this week everything will have been put into place as we have done already dealt with the huger problems and challenges. The rest are just minor that we can cover within days considering I have very efficient and reliable team players. My dream is to make this event a great success and my gut tells me that I will achieve that. Feel free to purchase essay on Sports topics at professional custom essay writing service. 24/7 support. Highly qualified academic writers.

Analysis of Dulzara Poem by Sandra Cisneros Essay - 5

Analysis of Dulzara Poem by Sandra Cisneros - Essay Example She wants to soothe him with her love and affection. She wants to sing the night song for him when they are together expressing her true affection for him. The poem follows a natural and conversational style. In this poem, the writer is talking to her lover in a simple tone and asks him to show his emotions in her favorite language. The use of two different languages i.e. English and Spanish shows her wide range of ideas and thoughts incorporated into her words. In the next few lines, the writer expresses her love for her lover. It is natural that boys express their love first followed by the girls. So the first lines inquired the lover to show his love, and now the female part of the couple is coming out of her shell to show her warmth of love. She desires him to stay in her heart forever. â€Å"Mouth of my Heart† is a beautiful phrase that emphasizes that staying in the heart is a broad term, and specifying the exact portion of heart carries a deep meaning. As mouth carries special significance for our body, hence â€Å"Mouth of my Heart† may be considered as the main portion of the heart that contains the imaginary tongue to express the feelings of love and affection. In the next stanza, Sandra continues to show her love for her lover that she wants him to be encompassed in her hands forever. She doesn’t want to leave him at any cost. He carries great value in her eyes that’s why it is very difficult for her to leave him. She gives the resemblance of the meat of the wrist to the sweetness of the mango. She wears the gold ornaments and jewelry that dangles time and again from her ears and neck as she meets him. In the last few lines, the writer demands her lover to call her name with love and affection. Her name should be called with true emotions and love. The way it deserves to be said means that the lover should call her with names like darling, cutie pie, dear etc.  

Counterterrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Counterterrorism - Essay Example immediate measures at once to ensure that terrorism would not happen again, also, and the American government immediately implemented counter-terrorism precautions and laws that would aid them in their fight against terrorism. With this accord, the international community has find itself moving alongside with the American government in its campaign against terrorism. The American government, in connection of its campaign against terrorism and the people that were involved with the attacks, has tracked down the proprietors of the terrorist attacks in World Trade Center and Pentagon, the results of their investigations was that Osama Bin Laden and his terrorist group, Al-Qaeda, was behind the terrorist acts. Soon enough, Bin Laden was named as the world’s â€Å"most wanted criminal† and the American government swiftly launch an attack on Afghanistan were it is believed that the Taliban government hides Bin Laden and the rest of the members of Al-Qaeda. The assault to Afghanistan, as it was called, soon took place and Afghanistan was under American government since then. Aside from this, the American government has convinced other government to pursue hostility against any one who will commit terrorist acts. Countries that are being aided by the United States of America and the country’s original allies (ie. Great Britain) quic kly joined the US in its fight against terrorism and soon afterwards, it seems that counterterrorism was newest trend of the new millennium. However, this paper will not focus its discussion on the attack in Afghanistan or on the war against Iraq; instead it will center on the discussion on the reaction and changes that occurred in the international community after the 9/11 incident. Also, not only will this paper will highlight on the changes outside the US but also the changes within the Bush administration and American government, especially on their immediate steps toward ratifying different laws about counter-terrorism and the

Health Promotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Health Promotion - Essay Example Because nurses are involved with direct and frequent care of clients, health promotion is important for the nurse to serve as an educator and change agent, aiding the client to achieve the best health possible. Nursing Roles in health promotion The role of the nurse in health promotion may include various aspects, or the nurse may have several roles. Funnell, Koutoukidis, and Lawrence (2009) present that the nurses can make a contribution to the health and social well-being of their clients by: (1) recognizing there is a role for the nurse in the promotion of health and self-care; (2) participating in providing health promotion interventions; (3) being aware of key health and social factors to be considered when carrying out an assessment of individual needs; and (4) being aware of the contributions of other professionals to assessment and interventions (p. 71). In nursing areas of education, clinics, community, and administration, nurses nowadays are trained and encouraged in health promotion interventions. In these four areas nurses apply in the nursing process interventions to suit the needs of the clients according to and using the three levels of health promotion prevention.

Tips for Trainers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Tips for Trainers - Research Paper Example article, the comic trainee who attempts to make jokes and a well delivered joke uplifts the session while a mistimed one or an explicit one can increase awkwardness. This particular type lies somewhere between the chatterboxes and the challengers as they tend to add unwanted humor based on their own experiences, most of the time with long explanations (Shetty, 2010). One can counter chatterboxes (talkative) trainees by paying more attention to them and asking them questions about the training subject. The introverts or slow learners (passive) trainees may open up if they are paired up with chatterboxes and made leaders of the group in training activities, asking them questions can result in a childish silence so encourage them in non-direct ways or throw really easy questions at them. The know-it-all or challenger (angry) type can be handled by recognizing their contribution and then throwing the same question back at them, new information or facts can satisfy them and only a confident trainer would subdue their high self confidence so knowing the inside out of subject area is very important, irrelevant questions or experiences can be kept for after the training discussion usually held one to one. You do not want to hurt somebody’s feelings as a trainer, if a joke is delivered well and taken well by the participants then the comedian can get confident and make more tries although as a trainer you have an agenda to follow hence you should always tell the participants that the session is for learning purpose and that we should get back to the topic at

Evaluate the general differences between quantitative and qualitative Essay

Evaluate the general differences between quantitative and qualitative methodologies. What are the advantages when employing them in combination - Essay Example Therefore, it can be seen that the methodologies of social research have a profound effect on the theories and inferences later formulated. This paper evaluates the differences in the two broad categories of data collection approaches, quantitative and qualitative, and discusses how using them together might benefit social research. Quantitative Method: the method of data collection that is more popular and deemed more reliable as compared to other methods in scientific circles is that of quantitative collection and evaluation of social data (Social Research Methods 2006). As the name suggests, it is concerned with quantifying (Wikipedia 2008) the information that has to be collected. In this method, the pertinent social issue is regarded as distinct from the society and the premises in which it is originally carried out (Wikipedia 2008), the positivist technique, (Wikipedia 2008) and viewed as a problem complete unto itself that is unaffected by its environment. Consequently, the variables (Weinreich Communications 2006)_ that is, the factors that exist outside of the problem-system that might have a role to play in the issue_ to be considered are lessened quite significantly (Wikipedia 2008), and the issue is dealt with more like a closed system. For the same purpose, the researcher is required to be objectiv e (Weinreich Communications 2006), meaning that his or her own experiences, thoughts or affiliations should not interfere with the way the problem is viewed and handled. As the purpose is to quantify the information, a large amount of data is required to be collected, meaning that the number of cases are quite large whereas the variables considered are less (Wikipedia 2008). This, combined with the fact that the researcher is supposed to be objective makes this method of data collection very reliable (Lecture Notes 2007), as the same results can be produced over and over again regardless of the place of study or the person conducting the research (Weinreich Communications 2006). A large amount of data and theories worked out, henceforth, means that the approach is deductive (Lecture Notes 2007), as a general concept is worked out from specific nature of data. In fact, quantitative method is extremely apt at and useful for generalisations, and it is for this reason that it is widely used as a tool in policy and decision making practices (Social Research Methods 2006). Another reason for this is that the ontology for this method is realist; it concentr ates on developing universal laws and principles (Lecture Notes 2007) based heavily on numeric (Lecture Notes 2007) and scientific data that is collected systematically and is processed in a way that it becomes scientifically reliable and viable for realist approach. The different methods of data

As the United States industrialized, the demands for labor shifted Essay

As the United States industrialized, the demands for labor shifted increasingly from farms and plantations to factories. Explain the factors, in addition to rac - Essay Example More people shifted to the urban areas as a result of industrialization. Business was concentrated in the urban areas. An estimated 25 million immigrants moved to the United States between 1870 and 1916. The most successful of these immigrants were those who came from Europe. They created the workforce required for the new business activity. They also became consumers for the products which were made by industries. Many immigrants from Europe became rich due to huge fortunes from business boom (Bodnar, 1985). European immigrants soon overcame the new labor demand for a growing American economy. The economic growth allowed accommodating the migrants. European immigrants had diversified cultural, religious and national origins. Most of the American states that had the highest per capita incomes had a large population of immigrants. Europeans were able to better integrate and assimilate themselves into American society. No immigrant group could realistically mount any effective challenge that would help them resist assimilation. The healthy US economy and the ability of European immigrants to accommodate them into American society helped ensure their material progress and success. There was a mass migration of Swedes during the mid nineteenth century to the United States. Economic and political conditions in Sweden were very harsh. Land in the Midwest was sold at cheap rates to European peasants. The political and religious freedom of the United States attracted the Swedish immigrants. They had a high literacy rate which enabled to become successful in the United States. Swedish migrants established prosperous farming settlements in the virgin land of the Midwest. Other Swedes went to the cities taking whatever jobs they could. Swedish females became housemaids in American families. Swedes were also welcome by the Americans because of their assimilation into American culture. Another highly successful immigrant group was that

Evaluate the general differences between quantitative and qualitative Essay

Evaluate the general differences between quantitative and qualitative methodologies. What are the advantages when employing them in combination - Essay Example Therefore, it can be seen that the methodologies of social research have a profound effect on the theories and inferences later formulated. This paper evaluates the differences in the two broad categories of data collection approaches, quantitative and qualitative, and discusses how using them together might benefit social research. Quantitative Method: the method of data collection that is more popular and deemed more reliable as compared to other methods in scientific circles is that of quantitative collection and evaluation of social data (Social Research Methods 2006). As the name suggests, it is concerned with quantifying (Wikipedia 2008) the information that has to be collected. In this method, the pertinent social issue is regarded as distinct from the society and the premises in which it is originally carried out (Wikipedia 2008), the positivist technique, (Wikipedia 2008) and viewed as a problem complete unto itself that is unaffected by its environment. Consequently, the variables (Weinreich Communications 2006)_ that is, the factors that exist outside of the problem-system that might have a role to play in the issue_ to be considered are lessened quite significantly (Wikipedia 2008), and the issue is dealt with more like a closed system. For the same purpose, the researcher is required to be objectiv e (Weinreich Communications 2006), meaning that his or her own experiences, thoughts or affiliations should not interfere with the way the problem is viewed and handled. As the purpose is to quantify the information, a large amount of data is required to be collected, meaning that the number of cases are quite large whereas the variables considered are less (Wikipedia 2008). This, combined with the fact that the researcher is supposed to be objective makes this method of data collection very reliable (Lecture Notes 2007), as the same results can be produced over and over again regardless of the place of study or the person conducting the research (Weinreich Communications 2006). A large amount of data and theories worked out, henceforth, means that the approach is deductive (Lecture Notes 2007), as a general concept is worked out from specific nature of data. In fact, quantitative method is extremely apt at and useful for generalisations, and it is for this reason that it is widely used as a tool in policy and decision making practices (Social Research Methods 2006). Another reason for this is that the ontology for this method is realist; it concentr ates on developing universal laws and principles (Lecture Notes 2007) based heavily on numeric (Lecture Notes 2007) and scientific data that is collected systematically and is processed in a way that it becomes scientifically reliable and viable for realist approach. The different methods of data

Discourse Analysis of the movie Dumb and Dumber Essay

Discourse Analysis of the movie Dumb and Dumber - Essay Example   Although there are two apparent speakers in this dialogue (i.e. Mary and Lloyd), the utterances are all, in fact, constructed by one speaker which is the scriptwriter making it a synthetically constructed conversation. However, the speech act of the conversation is well planned and rehearsed, which has a positive impact on the overall appeal of the dialogue. The original script of the conversation, however, incorporates the various aspects of conversational interactions such as adjacency pairs, turn-taking, topic initiation and development, feedback and conversational openings and closings. To analyze the context of the discourse, Lloyd, a limo driver, is taking Mary to the airport and this is when the conversation takes place. It is one of the most essential ways in which people come together, exchange information and maintain social relations. Therefore, the setting of the discourse is very much natural in the normal contexts of dialogue and social relations. It is important to realize that the movie is categorized under the group of â€Å"humor† films, featuring slapstick comedy and nauseate humor. In fact, the hilarity or amusement of the comedy is expressed linguistically, in the choice of words of the funny man, Jim Carrey, who is playing the role of Lloyd. Throughout this whole exchange of words, Lloyd doesn’t say anything that has no linguistic value, so he is clearly able to produce a grammatically correct sentence. Significantly, the only flaw that occurs in the conversation is that Lloyd is not able to select from all the correct expressions available to him to reflect the â€Å"illocutionary† force that is suitable most to this particular  encounter.  

Analysing Many Different Types Of Backpacks English Language Essay

Analysing Many Different Types Of Backpacks English Language Essay Are you someone who is outdoors all the time or just someone who travels an awful lot? If either one of these sounds like you, then you need to invest in Jens port backpacks. These heavy duty stylish bags will be able to haul all of your things no matter where you are going. Jan sport backpacks are great for just about anyone, including kids heading to school or soccer practice or an adult who needs a little extra room when taking some things to work or for play. Finding the perfect kids backpack for your child has now become a lot easier with the existence of our site, where there is a compilation of all the finest kids backpack collections out there from most of the famed bag-designers in the market today for you to choose and select from! Choose from absolutely outstanding designers that have decades of experience in the field of bag-making such as Coleman, the North Face, Kelty, Roxy, Camlback and others as you seek for the ideal backpack that would The backpacks for girls are p robably the first thing that comes to mind when you think of carrying books, pens, and papers around for school. Backpacks are the best possible way to carry everything you could ever need to class. If youre the kind of girl who needs her books, laptop, 10 different types of pens, cell phone, water bottle, snacks, money, makeup, and more, definitely consider a backpack to fit it all. Its always easier to distribute the weight of three textbooks and Functional. yet versatile, school backpacks have now become an essential accessory for school going kids. These school backpacks now come in beautiful designs featuring cartoon characters as well as floral prints in bold and bright colors which truly express a childs personality. These backpacks range in color, material, weight and size and are just right for kids and adults of all ages. They are multi-utility bags that besides keeping books, assignments and other school articles organized can a a laptop on Pack your gears; its time to t ravel. Whether its for mountaineering, light traveling, long distance trips, commuting, backpacking, skiing or for school; you can always rely on The North Face for backpacks that are high in quality, functional and durable. The North Face backpacks have been engineered using proprietary technologies, only to give you the best packs to fit your needs and gears. Credit goes to the two hiking enthusiasts, Douglas Tompkins and Kenneth Hap Klopp, the founders. Backpacks with wheels Without a doubt, rolling backpacks are becoming increasingly popular within todays population, for the simple reason that they offer more convenience compared to traditional backpacks or duffels. These rolling backpacks can be easily dragged on the ground, which requires relatively less energy compared to carrying your backpack on your shoulder and hurting your back and shoulders in the process. Undoubtedly a safer and more convenient substitute to traditional b- Functional yet versatile, school backpacks have now become an essential accessory for school going kids. These school backpacks now come in beautiful designs featuring cartoon characters as well as floral prints in bold and bright colors which truly express a childs personality. These backpacks angel in color, material, weight and size and are just right for kids and adults of all ages. They are multi-utility bags that besides keeping books, assignments and other school articles organized can Travel bags have been evolving s ince decades ago. Historically, the main types of luggage were chests and trunks which were manufactured from wood and other heavy materials. When the Second World War lurched its head out, smaller and more lightweight luggage was introduced. These days, luggage bags come in various forms and materials which make us confuse about what to choose. Main types of travel luggage are suitcases, duffel bags, totes, and most popularly rolling luggage bags. The best type. Backpack injuries have become so common, that orthopedic surgeons are now advising consumers to keep the weight of their backpack to a ratio of 20% their body weight to prevent any more injuries. Or better still to switch to a rolling backpack. Switching over to a rolling backpack would mean Youve got a lot of stuff, we get that. Too much stuff for your backpack? Not necessarily, but definitely too much for your back and shoulders. Getting a rolling backpack will help you tremendously. You can fit everything you need, from school supplies to travel gear in a single rolling backpack. Available in many colors and styles, you can carry it on an airplane and you can take it with you almost anywhere without the hassle of throwing a heavy bag over your shoulders. no weight on your shoulders at all. -Swiss army backpacks If you are a fan of Diane Von Furstenberg, then here are a few Diane von Furstenberg luggage options to consider. Diane Von Furstenberg luggage include the following types Diane von Furstenberg color on the go 25 inch wheeled suitcase which include the following features such as smooth in-line skate wheels, telescoping handle that locks in place, each upright expands 2 for increased packing capacity, valet straps to keep clothing securely in place and interiors affair many years people have been carrying their luggage to the point of lugging it around when they traveled. The invention of wheeled backpack is a real boon for travelers. Almost every trip you take will involve some sort of luggage and the type of trip will determine whether you carry a tote, laptop carry on, duffel bag or a full 5 piece set of luggage. Be it a weekend getaway trip or a 3 week safari in the jungle, wheeled backpack is always an essential part of your luggage. They are a great re fully line and also featu re A backpack cooler is ideal for those who engage in activities such as hiking, camping, attending or playing in sporting events and picnicking that require food and drink to be kept at a certain temperature but need the ability to carry and transport it easily and conveniently. The exterior of backpack coolers are typically made of nylon or polyester with an insulated interior made of a waterproof or water resistant material. A lightweight, functional backpacTheres something magical about family picnics and outdoor fun activities; something that makes the spirit soar and adds flavor to everything shared. Maybe its the revitalizing fresh air or the alluring blue skies. Figure it out yourself come the next spring by spreading out a mat or quilt under a green shadowy tree and enjoy a great family picnic. To get started you will require the following cooler offers a perfect soul Demand for the Promotional Tote Bags is skyrocketing as more and more consumers recognize the impact of dis posable plastic grocery bags on the environment. Too, several communities have already banned use of plastic grocery bags in a trend which is likely to continue. With a wide selection of reusable totes at varying price points there are great options available for a variety of promotions from affordable giveaway to formal gifts. Thats why reusable. Star wars backpack Do you need a bag that will be able to help you get around whether it is while you are traveling, hiking or just walking around town? Dakine backpacks are always a great choice for anyone who is looking for a stylish, yet comfortable way to bring all of their necessary items with them. Dakine backpacks come in an array of styles so depending on what you are looking for, you will be able to find the right kind of bag just for your style needs. Below is a list of Mozambiques top destinations, click on the link to view all details and tours. our can carry in comfort and style. If you enjoy cold drinks or fishing, then there is a good reason why you should chuck out the cooler box and get a cooler backpack. This sort of backpack now comes in a variety of colors, designs and sizes so you can even choose one that most suit your lifestyle. It does not even look like a cooler but just like any regular backpack. Functional yet versatile, school backpacks have now become an essential accessory for school going kids. These school backpacks now come in beautiful designs featuring cartoon characters as well as floral prints in bold and bright colors which truly express a childs personality. These backpacks range in color, material, weight and size and are just right for kids and adults of all ages. They are multi-utility bags that besides keeping books, assignments and other school articles organized. A backpack cooler is ideal for those who engage in activities such as hiking, camping, attending or playing in sporting events and picnicking that require food and drink to be kept at a certain temperature but need the ability to carry and transport it easily and conveniently. The exterior of backpack coolers are typically made of nylon or polyester with an insulated interior made of a waterproof or water resistant material. A lightweight, functional backpack cooler offers a perfect solution. The tulips are blooming in the backyard. Spring is here. Spring is the season for new beginnings, and for spending more time outdoors. Every season has its own characteristic gifts. While Easter is the most significant holiday in early spring, there are other gifting occasions besides this holiday. This article provides some spring gift ideas below. kelty backpacks Finding the perfect kids backpack for your child has now become a lot easier with the existence of our site, where there is a compilation of all the finest kids backpack collections out there from most of the famed bag-designers in the market today for you to choose and select from! Choose from absolutely outstanding designers that have decades of experience in the field of bag-making such as Coleman, the North Face, Kelty, Roxy, Camlback and others as you seek for the ideal backpack that would sadie.backhurst | Backpacks used by soldiers are known as load carrying systems. The different systems have developed from countless researches, after plenty changes have been made to them and after years of experience with load carrying systems. There are three major load carrying systems that are used in the United States military Pack your gears; its time to travel. Whether its for mountaineering, light traveling, long distance trips, commuting, backpacking, skiing or for school; you can a lways rely on The North Face for backpacks that are high in quality, functional and durable. The North Face backpacks have been engineered using proprietary technologies, only to give you the best packs to fit your needs and gears. Credit goes to the two hiking enthusiasts, Douglas Tompkins and Kenneth Hap Klopp, the founders and Cycling is a wonderful way to blow off a little steam or relax on a nice, sunny Saturday. A lot of people are extremely into cycling as a sport and buy all kinds of fancy gear to try and make their ride better, faster and more comfortable. Whether you are a diehard cyclist or just a weekend rider, one piece of equipment that is essential to any cyclist is a bag for your bike where you can keep necessary items.There are all sorts of different bags available for purchase that can hold just It may surprise you to know that most often tactical equipment is not conceptualized by scientists or engineers, but rather by those with the highest level of expertise, t o wit, people who themselves are or have been in law enforcement or the armed forces. These are the types of people who develop expertise by having used the gear that is out there and know what is needed out in the field. One example is Blackhawk Tactical. This company was founded by an operative in the Special Forces who found When searching for a store to meet your tactical equipment needs, you want to find one that not only carries good, quality gear, but also one that has a high quantity of different types and brands. The types of items that a decent tactical gear store should carry include belts, boots, battering rams, flashlights, knives, tactical holsters with packs, vests, shooting mats, medical gear, hydration packs, and drop leg pouches. They should also carry a wide variety of accessories, such as clothing, chest and eye protection, armor, duffel bags to carry the equipment, weapons, shoes, gloves, equipment for outdoor protection, and other things of that nature. When sh opping for this type of gear, look to ensure it has been approved by either an authorized establishment or the government. Overall, you want to see a wide variety of gear with many options to choose from within each category. You can also search online for the type of gear you wish to procure so you canomparison shop before even stepping foot into a store. Most of the best, well-reputed tactical impend companies also have a customer help line that you can call and receive advice on the best type of equipment to use for specific uses and how to use it. Tactical equipment critically geared towards police officers focuses on the needs of officers while in pursuit of a manual suspect, investigating and preventing criminal activity and riot and crowd control. As police officers typically need such gear as flashlights and flashlight holders, batons and baton holders and gun holsters. Police officers also use tactical vests, gloves, special hydration systems, and tactical goggles. The tactical vest worn by police officers serves not only as a backpack, but also as body armor. It can even be used to store extermination, water, or other small items that the officer may need to keep handy. Tactical equipment is ess ential for police officers and military personnel to carry out their duties safely and effectively. Not only does this gear protect civilians from harm, but it also helps ensure that police officers and soldiers are safe from serious injury or death. With so many companies out in the market today making and distributing tactical gear. Toddler backpacks If your child has just turned two he or she will probably think that they are completely independent now. A good way to encourage them and to plan some fun in the park is to buy them a backpack. It is important to choose the correct back pack for your toddler or you may find that you end up carrying it! Firstly the backpack must not be too long. You do not want to have the backpack pulling down or getting in the way on the slide (you may find that your child is not always willing to take off their new back pack once you get to the park!).Secondly it is important that you cannot fit too much in their back pack. There will be days when your toddler will want to take their entire car or doll collection out with them, if the back pack is fairly small then they will realize that not everything will fit into it and hence will learn to limit their park toys. Keeping it practical is an important part of everything to do with a toddler. You can guarantee that your toddler will want to carry their own picnic snacks so make sure that your toddlers backpack is easy to clean. It needs to be lined so you can just wipe out the inside. It is also probably a good idea to avoid the fabric outer layered ones as these get wet and waterlogged, and the mud sticks firmly to them. Now comes the really difficult choice what should your toddlers backpack have on it? Well, be warned that if you go for a recognized childrens character such as Noddy or Spiderman there is the chance that you child will decide that they no longer like this character and then they will want a new backpack! If you choose something more general such as a fireman bag, or a bag which is quite plain and you can pretend it is whatever you want it to be; one day it can be Dora the Explorers bag, the next day it can be Diegos backpack; it can be a doctors bag, whatever you child thinks of, you can pretend it is. Finally you need to make sure that you dont end up carrying your toddlers bag. Toddlers learn all the t ime from copying, so the more respect you give an item the more respect your child will give it. It might be a fun idea to give your toddler an old mobile phone which is no longer in use (remember to take out the battery for safety), and a key ring with an old key on it. Then when you are leaving home you can run through a check list; my bag, my keys, my phone; your bag, your keys, your phone. By doing this together he will see how important your bag is and will hopefully place a similar importance on his own bag. Now you are ready to head out together. If you are going on a long bus or train journey, I found it useful to sometimes hide a little present in the bottom of the bag, so just when it is all getting boring and the other passengers are starting to stare, you can get your toddler to delve into their bag and find a special treat if this is wrapped up, it will take up even more of the journey while they open it! Jon Kelly is a published author who writes pieces on a variety o f diverse subjects. This includes articles about all aspects of rucksacks and backpacks. If you would like to get more ideas about backpacks. Skateboard backpacks Since the hover boards of the future will be larger and taller than traditional skateboards they will require a little more room to be stored. For kids using hover boards to go to high school or using them on college campuses to get to and from the dorms, apartments or their homes special changes will need to be made on their backpacks storage systems. A few hover board designs which had been kicked around at the online think tank discussed inflatable sections of the board. If parts of the hover board can be deflated then the hover board can rest in a sleeve on the back of a custom designed backpack similar to the ones that kids use to put their schoolbooks in. Once done with class the rider will have to re-inflate the hover board; this can be done by a couple of strategies. A small pump mechanism can be incorporated into the backpack and solar powered operating by battery. The small pump would be engaged after the hover board is turned on which will allow the airflow directed into the inflatable parts. This would fill up the hover board like a balloon (half-way), but additional air pressure will be needed to fully inflate. This is where the small pump mechanism comes in. The backpack storage device for the hover board will be an integral part for the rider. Skateboards are often put into a sleeve in special backpacks with Velcro straps. The hover board will follow this tradition with only an incremental change as needed. Those who designed backpacks for schoolbooks will also get into the hover board backpack carrying business. Currently there are several patents for backpacks that hold skateboards and if you go into any skateboard shop you can see the current designs and models; these will all be changing as the number of hover boards increases into the market. There are even some inexpensive skateboard holding designs at Wal-Mart. The market potential for hover boards is most likely about 35 million users in the United States alone. Much of this will be determined by cost and efficient cease of economies of scale in manufacturing, along with current economic conditions. Accessories for hover boards will be as common as accessories for new iPods, BMX racing bikes or ATVs. There will also be new attire, safety gear and the incorporation of communication systems within the hover board available online in Internet Stores and in specialty skateboard, hover board and surfing shops. Net centrically speaking the backpack will be an integral part of hover board use in future society. -Childrens backpacks It can be difficult choosing the right rucksack for your kid therefore you should become aware of the wide ranging possibilities that you may pay for. It can be of utmost importance that we all give our kids with the right kind of backpack as befits what their ages are. Exactly what specifications should an individual pick? Exactly what color? Might the backpack be one with added wheels or simply a plain dual strap rucksack? Do you notice that a majority of young children are always in a hurry and most of the time they simply dispose of almost all their textbooks and stuff in their carriers, throw it across their sensitive backs then move out of the door? Selecting a bad kids school bags could cause them to have considerable spinal injuries and posture troubles. When utilizing school bags for kids, both shoulder straps should be used to disperse the weight of the load equally towards the shoulders. Make sure you get a backpack which includes numerous pockets to balance out the pressure on all sides. It can be harmful to lug weight that the physique is unable to tolerate so confine the weight you place on those backpacks for young people. Doctors advise that a childrens backpack need to be restricted to 15-20% of their total bodyweight. The backpack also needs to look eye-catching, fashionable and pleasing to the child. You may even choose one with large, padded straps which will not dig directly into your kids shoulder blades. Yet another alternative is a backpack on little wheels. But guarantee that the kids school allows the utilization of one. Spending some time to carry out a little shopping around before purchasing a book bag is worthy of the expense. With the new school year just beginning it seems appropriate to discuss the problem ma ny of our children are experiencing as a result of their backpacks. Textbooks, homework and other supplies place a heavy load on our childrens backs which can cause back pain during the school year and may progress to chronic back pain later in life. In 1998 the United States reported that over 12,700 children between the ages of 5-18 went to the emergency room to seek help for backpack related injuries. The reason is quite simple. Our children are carrying more weight than their bodies can handle. Carrying too much weight is a greater concern for a child than for an adult because as children grow their muscles, skeleton and brain learn from each other how to move. The abnormal positions required to carry an overloaded backpack become thought, by the body, to be normal, when in fact they are quite detrimental to our childs physical development. If a backpack weighs more than 25% of a childs body weight problems with balance precipitate injuries simply when climbing stairs or opening up doors. Waterproof backpacks Do you love the outdoors? Do you enjoy activities like camping, hiking, trekking, fishing and biking? Do you engage in adventurous sports? Does taking a break for you mean, packing your bags and heading to the countryside, river side or mountainside? Then what you really need to invest in is a waterproof backpack. Waterproof bags are a must for all outdoor lovers. They help shield electronic gadgets like cameras, torches, iPods and also protect food supplies and other essentials from getting wet. They come in waterproof materials ranging from polyurethane-coated nylon to waterproof tarpaulin. A thick lining on the inside gives complete waterproof guarantee to the users. When one embarks on adventurous trips, there could be a possibility of a sudden weather change like a thunder storm, a hailstorm or even a downright downpour. At such times a waterproof bag is like a blessing in disguise. It protects your clothes and travel items from damage. When you are on an expedition, you are pro bably cut off from stores where you can usually purchase supplies. It is therefore essential to protect ones belongings and waterproof backpacks help to do just that. Electronic items are high value items and can easily be damaged by the slightest exposure to moisture. The waterproof fabric of such backpacks protects against moisture from entering the bag, thus providing complete security and cover for your valuable goods. You can even cross a river without having to worry about your belongings if you are equipped with a waterproof bag. Waterproof backpacks come with airtight zippers that ensure watertight protection. If thrown in water they can stay afloat thereby preventing even a drop of water from seeping through. They have broad padded straps and a waist strap that helps distribute the weight of the luggage in the most comfortable manner. Most waterproof backpacks have a soft exterior which makes it comfortable to carry along. Some bags are customized with waterproof camera com partments and a special compartment for the tripod stand of the camera. This gives your camera a 100% protection against any water. If you are carrying any liquids in the bag and accidentally spilled it, waterproof backpacks will prevent it from leaking out too.Amazon.com and eBay have a great selection of waterproof backpacks. They can be purchased online and will be shipped to your destination. Many adventure sports stores also offer these products. So grab your waterproof backpacks now and go wild! Backpacks with wheels I had not thought that a backpack with wheels would in fact work for backpacking, unitl I visited web site of Jansport, I was really impressed. You put on a frame that binds you to a wheeled backpack. You can even move through logs and rocks with it. I wondered about what may other backpacking ideas are in waiting to be exposed. Here are some more attractions that I came up with. Accept these ideas, please. With backpacks without frame we have to put folded sleeping pads in the backpack for pillowing against our backs and put some support for picking the load. A new idea is to have the part of the backpack that inflates against the users back. The same technology is used for lower weight auto-inflating sleeping pads, it would only add about a bit to the weight. The backpack could then also serve as a foot-bag / foot-pad for resting. Further enhancing this idea of back-with-wheels, I envisage an auto-inflating backpack that unfolds into a rest- pad. The frame of the backpack would ser ve as a U shaped pad, with desired rigidity in the pack, too. Auto-inflating resting or sleeping bag pads hardly weigh approx 15-ounce now while frame less packs measure approx 12-ounce or more, so a perfect combination of two can be achieved in just 20-ounce of total weight. Besides plastics, backpacking food bags are now available in Wax-paper packaging, too. Now as wax paper easily burn even when they are wet, these packages serve two-times more as fire-starters in emergency. If you have to carry more water than usual, you can take a plastic bladder from boxed wine. They are low-weight, robust, and you can inflate them with air to use as a pillow when needed. All you need is a remove its soft removable covering to use a two-in-one water container/pillow. Although it is not a backpack-with wheels item, another portable backpack idea is a frame-less jacket with backpack arrangements. It can be unfolded in a way that reveals normal shoulder straps. When used as jacket, it would alle viate the pack to keep you warm and cozy. It would also make it easy to pass through heavy brushes, as it does not catch on other stuffs easily. It experiences same as putting on a large jacket over a backpack, but with low-weight and stable utility that come with the combination. It is better known as a Pack-it Jack-et. For those are full with gaming and want to walk with gaming arrangements along, may print a chess or checkers board or some other game on a jacket or backpack, and carry you game along without extra care or concern. It serves a great time-pass arrangement when you have to spend hours in the tent in a rainy time. No need to bother about pieces, you can always use stones or pine as checkers, in stead. My mind is brimming up with innovative backpacking ideas as I write this article on backpack with wheels. Most of these ideas are items with two-in-one combinations. You may like some of them and ma